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3 )X2 



THE NATIONAL CELEBRATION 



CENTENNIAL ANNIVERSARY OF THE INDEPENDENCE OF 
THE UNITED STATES 



INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSAL EXHIBITION, 



S 



TO BE HELD IN PHILADELPHIA 



IN THE YEAR 1876. 



REPORT TO CONGRESS BY THE UNITED STATES CENTENNIAL COMMISSION, 

FEBRTT^RY, 1873; 



ACCOMPANIED BY 

A CLASSIFIED COMPILATION OF THE JOURNAL OF THE 

PROCEEDINGS OF THE COMMISSION 

AND OTHER PAPERS. 



COMPILED AND ARRANGE© EY IT. D. J. PRATT. 




PUBLISHED FOR THE INFORMATION OF THE PEOPLE. 



WA S H IN G T O X : 
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. 
• 1873. 



\ 



\> 



REPORT OF U. S. CENTENNIAL COMMISSION. 



TABLE OF CONTENTS. 

[For alphabetical index see end of Tolume.] 

Page, 

Preface: Statement of progress .v 

Report of the commission to Congress 1 

List of papers accompanying the report of the commission 8 

Historical sketch of the origin and establishment of the United States Centen- 
nial Commission 8 

Abstract of facts concerning the organization of the commission and the Board 

of Finance 10 

Table showing the quota of stock for each State and Territory, according to 

population 14 

Regulations and schedule of dates and periods for the different stages of the 

work 15 

General regulations, report of the Committee on Foreign Affairs concerning 17 

Classified compilation of the journal of the commission , 18 

List of officers of the commission, (section 1) 19 

Standing committees 19 

First meeting of the commission J 22 

Temporary organization of the commission 23 

Reception of the commission by the authorities of Philadelphia ; presentation of 
the members to the mayor by John L. Shoemaker ; address of welcome by 

Mayor Stokley, and response on behalf cf the commission, by Mr. Hawley 23 

The chamber of the select council of Philadelphia placed at the disposition of the 

commission 26 

Opening prayer by Rev. Dr. Hutter 26 

Motions for appoiatment of committees 28 

List of commissioners appointed to March 1, 1872, as received from the Depart-. 

ment of State • 30 

Courtesies interchanged with the authorities and people of Philadelphia 32 

Election of officers , 33 

Appointment of committees 35 

Site of the exhibition, Fairmount Park, (section 2a) • 36 

General purposes and scope of the Centennial Exhibition, (section 3) 37 

Address of President Hawley on taking the chair 37 

Former exhibitions ; their objects, purposes, organizations, &c; address by 

Mr. Blake, alternate commissioner from Connecticut 39 

Address of Mr. Cleveland „ 59 

Address of Mr. Adams .. . 61 

Address of Mr. Spooner 62 

Address of Mr. Dufur 62 

Address of Mr. Atwood 62 

Address of Mr. Lowry „ 63 

Address of Mr. Cooper 63 

Address of Mr. Powel 63 

Address of Mr. French 63 

Address of Mr. Cleveland 63 

Address of Mr. Morrell 63 

Address of President Hawley , 63 

Circulars issued by the commission, explaining their purposes and appealing for 

support. (See also " Addresses to the People " 68 

Classification, (section 4) 70 

Key to the revised notations of the groups and classes 100 



IV CONTENTS. 

Page, 

Addresses to the people, (section 5) 100 

Centennial Board of Finance, organization of, (section 6) 103 

Rules for the organization of the Board of Finance 109 

Supplemental rules . 115 

Special canvassing agents for subscriptions, (section 7) 117 

•Offers to co-operate in the exhibition, (section 8) 118 

Proposal to form an organization for collecting specimens of woods, &c, for 

the exhibition, report of executive commissioner 120 

Exhibition of the products of the sea, report of executive commissioner 123 

Exhibition of the resources of the Northwest, report of executive commis- 
sioner .- 125 

Officers and assistants employed by the commission 128 

By-laws, (section 9) 135 

Seal and coat of arms of United States Commission, (section 10) . . 138 

Auxiliary associations and 4 committees, (section 11) 139 

Museum'of art and science applied to industry, (section 12) 147 

Brief account of the South Kensington Museum, report of the executive com- 
missioner . .. .. 147 

Plans and architecture, (section 13) 152 

Financial results of the Paris Exrwsition of 1867, report of the executive com- 
missioner (section 14) 157 

Tables showing the space assigned each country at the Paris Exposition of 1867, 
the persons assisting, the materials used, &c, report of the executive com- 
missioner 164 

Appropriation by Congress proposed, appropriation by city of Philadelphia, 

(section 15) 167 

Proposed appropriation by the State of Pennsylvania, (section 16) 171 

Letter of Mr. Morrell, commissioner of Pennsylvania, chairman of executive 
committee, io the Governor of that State, urging in reference to a State appro- 
priation '. -• --» 172 

Tariffs and transportation, (section 17) 174 

Transportation of commissioners, report of the commmittee on tariffs and 

transportation . 176 

Vienna Exposition of 1873, (section 18) 179 

Correspondence with the chief manager of the Vienna Exhibition of 1873, and 

others relative to said exhibition, report of executive commissioner 180 

Appointment of a committee to visit the Vienna Exhibition 184 

Cincinnati Exhibition, (section 19) '. 185 

Historical — Memoirs, &c, proposed, (section 20) 185 

Honors to the memory of the late William Prescott Smith, commissioner from 

Maryland, and a member of the executive committee, (section 21) 188 

The International Statistical Congress, proposed session in the United States in 

1876, (section 22) 19 

The Society of Cincinnati, offer of co-operation from, (section 23) 191 

Co-operative colonization in the United States, proposals relative to a history 

of, (section 24) 192 

Mining, information concerning, (section 25) 192 

Coins of the United States, memorial inscription on, relating to the Centennial 

Exhibition, (section 26) 192 

Thanks of the commission to the press of the city of Philadelphia, (section 27) . . 193 

Music as a part of the celebration, communications on the subject, (section 28) 193 
Communication relative to the application of electricity to musical instruments, 

report of the executive commissioner *. 194 

Thanks to Mr. John Rice, president of the Continental Hotel Company, and to 

Messrs. J. E. Kingsley & Co., proprietors of the hotel, (section 29) 195 

Special census of the United States in 1876, (section 30) 195 

•Acts of Congress relating to the Centennial Celebration 195 

Lists of corporators of the Centennial Board of Finance 197 

First report of the president of the commission to the President of the United 

States 205 



PREFACE. 



The delay which has unavoidably occurred iu the printing of the fol- 
lowing report and the accompanying papers affords an opportunity to 
prefix a brief statement of the progress made since the report was sub- 
mitted to Congress. 

Most gratifying results have been realized in Pennsylvania from the 
energy and enthusiasm displayed by the people. The appropriations 
by the State and by the city of Philadelphia amount to about three 
millions of dollars, or nearly one-third of the capital required. 

In the Territory of Arizona the people have subscribed liberally, and 
the subscriptions for the remaining part of her quota have been 
guaranteed by a patriotic citizen of that Territory. 

From Oregon, also, confident assurances have been received, through 
the commissioner from that State, that steps have been taken which 
practically secures the assumption of the whole quota of stock allotted 
to her. 

In the other States and Territories, although some progress has been 
made in subscriptions, they have been awaiting the action of Pennsyl- 
vania, which it was conceded would be decisive of the success of the 
movement. It is now, however, essential to that success that the peo- 
ple of those other States and Territories should see that the quotas of 
stock apportioned to them are taken up with a promptness and zeal 
characteristic of the country and of the occasion. 

THE CENTENNIAL BOARD OF FINANCE. 

On the 23d of April last the election of the directors of the Centennial 
Board of Finance took place at Concert Hall, in Philadelphia, due notice 
of the election having been advertised in the principal papers of the 
country. Holders of over twenty thousand shares of stock were repre- 
sented at the meeting, which resulted in the election of twenty-five 
directors, who have since organized, elected their officers, and entered 
upon their duties. 

LIST OF OFFICERS AND MEMBERS OF THE BOARD OF DIRECTORS OF 
THE CENTENNIAL BOARD OF FINANCE. 

President— John Welsh, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. 

Vice-}) residents. — William Sellers, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania ; William 
H. Appleton, New York City, New York. 

Directors.— John Welsh, William Sellers, Samuel M. Felton, Joseph 
Patterson, J. Edgar Thomson, Daniel M. Fox, William V. McKean, 
Joseph Wharton, Edwin H.Fitler, Thomas Cochran, Clement M. Biddle, 



YI PREFACE. 

F. Parker Shortridge, James M. Robb, Henry 0. Lea, Edward T. Steel, 
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania ; Charles W. Cooper, Allentown, Pennsyl- 
vania ; Eobert M. Patton, Alabama 5 Benjamin F. Allen, Iowa; John 
Cummins, Massachusetts ; A. S. Hewitt, New Jersey ; William H. Apple- 
ton, New York; A. D. Bullock, Ohio; John Gorham, Ehode Island ; John 
S. Barbour, Virginia ; C. C. Washburn, Wisconsin. 
Secretary. — Frederick Fraley, Pennsylvania. 

LIST OF STANDING COMMITTEES OF THE BOARD OF DIRECTORS OF 
THE CENTENNIAL BOARD OF FINANCE. 

Finance. — Messrs. Joseph Patterson, William Y. McKean, Samuel 
M. Felton, Abram S. Hewitt, and Charles W. Cooper. 

Subscriptions. — Messrs. X. Parker Shortridge, Eobert M. Patton, 
Clement M. Biddle, C. C. Washburn, Edwin H. Fitter, John Cummins, 
Edward T. Steel, Joseph Wharton, and James M. Robb. 

Grounds, plans, and buildings. — Messrs. William Sellers, J. Edgar 
Thomson, John Gorham, Henry C. Lea, and John S. Barbour. 

On law and conference. — Messrs. Daniel M. Fox, Thomas Cochrane, 
and Benjamin F. Allen. 

Executive committee. — Messrs. John Welsh, Joseph Patterson, ¥. P. 
Shortridge, William Sellers, William H. Appleton, and Daniel M. Fox. 

Special committee on printing and advertising. — Messrs. Thomas Coch- 
rane, Clement M. Biddle, and Edwin H. Fitter. 

The United States Centennial Commission has formally turned over 
to the Directors of the Board of Finance all money thus far received, 
and all books and papers relating to subscriptions and those of directors 
are now engaged in maturing measures for the promotion of subscrip- 
tions throughout the country, and for the erection of the buildings 
necessary for the exhibition, when the plans have been selected. 

The high standing, integrity, and business capacity of the gentlemen 
mentioned in the foregoing list of directors amply guarantee a faithful 
and satisfactory administration of the^nnancial affairs of the exhibition. 

The office of this board is in the same building with that of the United 
States Centennial Commission, at 901 * Walnut street, Philadelphia, 
Pennsylvania. 

At the last annual session of the Commission the officers named in 
the following list were elected or appointed : 

President. — J. E. Hawley. 

Director- General. — A. T. Goshorn. 
Secretary.— John L. Campbell. 

Solicitor. — John L. Shoemaker. 

Assistant Secretary. — Myer Asch. 

Vice-Presidents. — A. T. Goshorn, Orestes Cleveland, William M. Byrd, 
t John D. Creigh, David Atwood, Thomas H. Coldwell. 

Executive Committee. — D. J. Morrell, Alfred T. Goshorn, Walter 
W. Wood, George B. Loring, Charles H. Marshall, James T. Earl, 



PREFACE. VII 

George H. Corliss, John G. Stevens, Alexander R. Boteler, Richard C. 
McCorniick, William Henry Parsons, Lewis Wain Smith. 

Special Agents at Vienna. — W. P. Blake and Henry Pettit. 

The secretary to the executive committee is Benjamin H. Haines. 

Chiefs of Bureau, in the office of the Commission,— -Charles B. Norton, 
H. D. J, Pratt, and Dorsey Gardner. 

An organization of the women of the country has been successfully 
commenced in this city, having for its object, primarily, the promotion 
of the work of the Commission by securing subscriptions. This organ- 
ization has been recognized as the " Women's Centennial Executive 
Committee." 

The following is a list of the officers and members : 

Mrs. E. D. Gillespie, president ; Mrs. . John Sanders, vice-president ; 
Mrs. J. Edgar Thomson, treasurer ; Mrs. Aubrey H. Smith, secretary ; 
Miss McHenry, Mrs. Charles J. Stille, Miss Elizabeth Gratz, Mrs. John 
W. Forney, Mrs. Emily R. Buckman, Mrs. Richard P. White, Mrs. 
Henry Cohen, Mrs. Matthew Simpson, Mrs. Huldan Justice. 

About forty thousand dollars have been collected in Philadelphia by 
this committee and the sub committees appointed by them. 

Upon the women of the country the Centennial Commission and the 
Centennial Board of Finance confidently rely for such aid and sympathy 
as they have always rendered to every enterprise in which the national 
honor or welfare was concerned. 



I 






42d Congress, \ HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES, f Mis. Doc. 
3d Session. I \ No. 99. 



INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION IN PHILADELPHIA, 1S7G. 



February 21, 1673. — Ordered to be printed. 



Mr. Joseph R. Hawley submitted tlie following 

REPORT OF THE CENTENNIAL COMMISSION: 

v 

To the honorable the Senate and House of Representatives of the United 

States of America : 

Referring to the acts of Congress approved March 3, 1871, and June 1, 
1S72, respectively, relating to the international exhibition proposed to 
be held in Philadelphia, in the State of Pennsylvania, in the year 1876, 
in celebration of the centennial anniversary of the Independence of the 
United States, the undersigned has the honor to report, on behalf of the 
United States Centennial Commission, to your honorable bodies, in con- 
formity with the requirements of section 6 of the act of March 3, 1871, 
so far as the circumstances permit. 

The section referred to contemplates a report from this commission to 
Congress, during its first session subsequent to the appointment of the 
commission, presenting definite information as to the dates for opening 
and closing the exhibition, a schedule of appropriate ceremonies for open- 
ing or dedicating the same, a plan or plans of the buildings, a complete 
plan for the reception and classification of articles intended for exhibi- 
tion, the requisite custom-house regulations for the introduction into 
this country of the articles from foreign countries intended for exhibition, 
and such other matters as in their opinion may be important. 

The commission has held three sessions. The general results of the 
first two of those sessions were stated in a report to the President of the 
United States, 23d November last, which was communicated to Con- 
gress by the President at the opening of the present session. The last 
session of the commission commenced December 4, 1872, and terminated 
December 11, 1872. 

At the second session of the commission, on the 23d of May, 1872, 
the Hon. D. J. Morrell, chairman of the executive committee, sub- 
mitted a report of the action of that committee after the adjournment of 
the first session, which is important as explaining the reasons which led 
that committee to recommend the adoption of the act of Congress 
approved June 1, 1872. That report is printed in the accompanying 
classified compilation of the proceedings of the commission, section 6. 

The date which the commission has appointed for the opening of the 
exhibition is April 19, 1876. That assigned for its termination is Octo- 
ber 19, 1876. 

OPENING CEREMONIES. 

The act of Congress makes it specifically the duty of this commission 
to report a schedule of appropriate ceremonies for opening or dedicating 



2 REPORT OF THE U S. CENTENNIAL COMMISSION. 

the exhibition. This feature in the arrangements connected with all 
great international exhibitions hitherto held, has been made conspicu- 
ous by imposing displays, by fetes and rejoicings. 

The stimulus to enthusiasm and to the awakening of patriotic senti- 
ment in the mind of every true citizen, upon this, the first centenary of 
the foundation of the Republic, is an additional inducement to adhere 
to and extend in magnitude this well-founded and appropriate usage. 

The President of the United States, with several members of his Cab- 
inet, participated in the opening ceremonies of our first international 
exhibition, held in New York, in the year 1853. 

The commissioners and representatives of the several States of the 
Union, and those of foreign governments, the officers of the United 
States Army and Navy, and numerous persons of distinction were 
present. 

Mr. Sedgwick, the presiding officer of the exhibition, welcomed the 
President, who responded in a brief address appropriate to the occasion. 

On similar occasions in foreign countries the sovereigns, royal guests, 
the distinguished of all lands, the commissioners, associate commis- 
sioners, committees, and officers of the army and navy have taken part. 

The commission therefore propose that this national exhibition shall 
be opened by the President of the United States, attended by the 
heads of Departments, distinguished guests, representatives of foreign 
governments, the legislative and judicial branches of the Government 
of the United States, and of the several States and Territories, the 
commissioners of the United States, and foreign commissions. 

The details of the opening ceremonies are, however, necessarily de- 
ferred until a later stage of the progress of the work, as a subject which 
can then be acted upon to better advantage. 

PLANS FOR BUILDING. 

The subject of procuring a suitable design and plans for the buildings , 
necessary for the exhibition promptly engaged the attention of the 
commission, and a special standing committee to take charge of the 
subject was appointed. Conferences have been held with the leading 
architects and societies of architects in the principal cities of the coun- 
try, and the objects and design of the commission have been explained 
as far as possible. 

The commission have decided that the building shall cover about fifty 
acres, and be so constructed that it can be open for visitors and bril- 
liantly lighted in the evening. 

Several plans and designs have been already suggested, but none have 
yet been sufficiently matured in detail to be presented at this time. 

It is designed that a part of the structure shall be so constructed as 
to remain permanently as a museum of art, and its application to 
industry. The extent and value of such portion is to be regulated by 
the amount appropriated for that object by the government of the State 
of Pennsylvania, and the municipal government of the city of Phila- 
delphia, which has recently appropriated $500,000 to be expended for 
the purpose. 

The division and apportionment of the space cannot be definitely 
stated in advance of the reception from the various nations of their 
assurances of participation in the exhibition. The details also of orna- 
mentation, and the interior decoration, cannot be given until the pre- 
liminary apportionment of space has been decided upon. 






REPORT OF THE U. S. CENTENNIAL COMMISSION. 3 

REGULATIONS. 

Xnclosure III is a draught of regulations respecting the prospective 
chronological arrangement of the successive stages of organization. 
These regulations may require from time to time additions and modifi- 
cations, as the progress of the work develops the necessity or expediency 
of such changes. In their leading principles and features, however, 
they may he regarded as indicating the course of procedure for the 
exhibition. 

CLASSIFICATION. 

A system of classification of the objects to be exhibited has been 
adopted and is inclosed. (See section 4 of inclosure IV.) 

This system of classification has been formed upon the principle of 
grouping together — 

1st. The natural products useful to man, or constituting the basis of 
manufactures. 

2d. The manufactures and results of the combinations of these 
products. 

3d, The means and appliances by which such results have been ac- 
complished. 

4th. The resultant effects of such productive activity. 

This is a comprehensive general description of the classification — raw 
materials, according to natural order, having the first place ; and then 
follow in succession the results of their use by man, the higher achieve- 
ments of intellect coming at the end. Upon this principle, ten compre- 
hensive divisions are adopted, called departments, namely : 

Department I. — "Raw materials, mineral, vegetable, and animal. 

Department II. — Materials and manufactures used for food, or in the 
arts, the result of extractive or combining processes. 

Department III. — Textile and felted fabrics, apparel, costumes, and 
ornaments for the person.' 

Department IV. — Furniture and manufactures of general use in con- 
struction and in dwellings. 

Department V. — Tools, implements, machines, and processes. 

Department VI. — Motors and transportation. 

Department VII. — Apparatus and methods for the increase and diffu- 
sion of knowledge. 

Department VIII. — Engineering, public works, architecture, &c. 

Department IX. — Plastic and graphic arts. 

Department X. — Objects illustrating efforts for the improvement of 
the physical, intellectual, and moral condition of man. 

Each of the departments thus enumerated is divided into ten groups 
and each group into ten classes, thus affording an abundant latitude for 
the appropriate reference and classification of any object. 

It has been found to be a defect of the best of former classifications, 
that there were not enough of class subdivisions. The arrangement 
now adopted not only remedies this difficulty, but possesses the advan- 
tage of admitting of expansion uuder every group and under every 
department. In assigning ten groups to each department, it is not in- 
tended in all cases to specify and name everyone of these groups at the 
outset. If all that belongs to each department can properly be put into 
five or six or eight groups it will be done, leaving the other numbers 
blank. The same may be the case with regard to classes. Each group 
admits of ten classes being embraced within it. In some cases, the ob- 
jects included in a group may, with propriety, be brought within less than 



4 REPORT OF THE U. S. CENTENNIAL COMMISSION. 

ten classes ; but under this plan of classification, as the work progresses 
and new inventions are made, and new manufactures and processes arise, 
a new class or a new group may be introduced, without changing the 
title or place of those already established, and in entire harmony with 
the system adopted. 

The departments are numbered from I to X, the groups from 10 to 
109, and the classes from 100 to 1099 ; so that the number of any class 
will indicate at the same time the group and the department to which it 
belongs. 

The system in its detail may be more fully appreciated by reference to 
the accompanying copy of a preliminary draught of the classification. 
The commission must necessarily reserve the privilege of making such 
additions and modifications as occasion may require. 

In adopting this system of classification, ample provision has been 
made for additional special exhibits or collective exhibitions of any special 
art or industry, and it will not be insisted that in all cases, objects included 
in any one class or group shall be placed in exact juxtaposition with 
other objects of the same classes, as the nature of the objects themselves 
will often render this impracticable. The principles of geographical and 
systematic arrangement will, however, be adoptediu connection with the 
plan of departments, groups, and classes, as they have been explained. 

HISTORICAL OBJECTS. 

A space will be assigned to objects illustrating the history of industry 
and development of inventions in the United States and throughout* 
the world, and will include prehistoric implements of stone, bone, bronze, 
&c. 

STATE AND TERRITORIAL ORGANIZATION. 

On the 28th of May, 1872, a resolution was adopted providing that a 
special committee of live be appointed, with instructions to call the at- 
tention of the legislatures of the several States and Territories to the 
work of the commission, and to invite their co-operation therein. A 
form of circular letter to their excellencies the governors of the several 
States and Territories was accordingly reported by the committee. It 
was adopted by the commission, and transmitted to the governors by 
the Hon. D. J. Morrell, the chairman of the executive committee, 
in November, 1872, who explained the importance of the subject of State 
and Territorial organization to the success of the work. (See inclosure 
IV, section 11, Form 19.) 

The governors were at the same time furnished with copies of the journal 
of proceedings of the commission and other printed papers, containing 
full information as to the projected exhibition. 

The communication has been favorably received, and generally favor- 
ably noticed by the governors, and in some instances legislative action 
has been adopted. 

OPENING OF THE BOOKS OE SUBSCRIPTION. 

The act of June 1, 1872, provided for the opening of subscription-books 
by the United States Centennial Commission, under the rules as it might 
prescribe for the stock of the Centennial Board of Finance, amounting to 
one million of shares, at $10 per share, in order that the sum of $10,000,000 
might be raised, from which the expenses to be incurred in the erection 
of buildings and otherwise in creating the exhibition might be paid. 



REPORT OF THE U. S. CENTENNIAL COMMISSION. 5 

Accompanying this report is a copy of the rales adopted by the commis- 
sion, concerning such subscriptions for stock. (Enclosure II, Form 31.) 

In most of the States and Territories the commissioners and cor- 
porators met, and in conformity with the rules appointed agents to 
receive subscriptions, and forwarded to the executive commissioner 
lists of their names and addresses in season to enable the commission 
to furnish them with subscription-books to be opened by the 21st of No- 
vember, 1872, the time fixed by the rules for the opening of the books 
throughout the country. 

From some of the States and Territories the names of agents thus 
appointed were not received, but provision was promptly made to afford 
.ill the citizens of all the States and Territories an opportunity to sub- 
scribe within the dates prescribed in the rules, by the designation 
of Messrs. Jay Cooke & Co. and Messrs. Drexel & Co., well-known 
bankers, as general agents for receiving subscriptions from such parts 
of the country as were not otherwise provided with duly appointed 
agents. These firms generously accepted the important and onerous 
duties without compensation or commissions; and, on the 21st of No- 
vember, the commission was enabled to announce to the people of the 
country that subscription-books were then open and would remain open 
for a period of one hundre d days, subject to the condition that no State 
or Territory could, within that period, exceed its quota of subscriptions 
as fixed upon the basis of population ; but that, after that date, the re- 
striction would be removed from any stock which shall not have been 
taken. 

ADDRESS TO THE PEOPLE. 

In the month of November last the commission issued an address to 
the people of the United States, explaining the organization of the com- 
mission, and of the Centennial Board of Finance, and appealing to all of 
the citizens for their support of the projected exhibition by their sub- 
scriptions to the stock. This address was printed in circular form, and 
has been very generally presented to the people by the newspaper press 
of the United States. A copy of the address appears in the accompany- 
ing papers, section 5. 

ADDITIONAL LEGISLATION. 

It has been the constant aim of the commissioners strictly to conform 
their action to the terms and spirit of the acts of Congress which pre- 
scribe the line of proceeding to be pursued ; and they have now to 
remind Congress that in conformity with the policy which they have 
established by the terms of these acts, the fate of the movement for a 
centennial celebration, including an international exhibition, rests with 
the people of the United States. If the subscriptions by the people to 
the stock are prompt and liberal enough, the enterprise will be carried 
out in a manner worthy of the country and of the exalted motives which 
inspired it. The commission respectfully submit to Congress whether 
it comports with the dignity of the Government of the United States 
to require the commissioners, who are duly appointed officers of that 
Government, to be dependent for the payment of the expenses incurred 
in the performance of their duties, upon the generosity of the city of 
Philadelphia, which they have already largely experienced. 

It is for Congress, in its wisdom, to judge whether any further and, if 
any, what legislation is necessary to place beyond all doubt the success 
of an undertaking which so nearly concerns the national dignity and 



6 EEPORT OF THE U. S. CENTENNIAL COMMISSION. 

prestige by guarding against its failure or injury from the loss of time 
in securing the necessary capital, the prerequisite for the practical labors 
of preparing the exhibition and inviting the co-operation of foreign 
nations. 

Time, be it remembered, is as essential as money. Foreign nations 
must have time to consider the invitation, and in many cases to await 
the action of their legislative assemblies, before accepting it and making 
the necessary appropriations. Time is also necessary for the organiza- 
tion of their commissions and local committees. 

The artists and the artisans of all nations must have time to prepare 
objects for exhibition, which, in many cases, require years of study and 
toil upon those great works in the departments of painting and sculpture 
and machinery, which impart the highest value and splendor to such 
exhibitions. 

Time is required by the local organizations in our own and foreign 
countries for making understood the character and objects of the exhi- 
bition, and time is required for looking up and selecting from the mass 
of each class of products those which are the best expression of the 
capacity of the industry to which they appertain. 

Time is required for the preparation in our own and foreign countries 
of important statistics and statements. 

Time is required for seeking, by proper agencies in oriental countries, 
articles of great interest, and constituting magnificent features of such 
displays. 

Time is required for the transportation of goods from the remotest 
quarters of the globe and for their reception and location in the building. 

The commission is pursuaded that it would be most unjust to make 
the extent of early popular subscriptions a strict criterion of the popular 
wish that the exhibition may take place, for while there are circum- 
stances which tend to retard subscriptions in some localities, those are 
the very districts, in many cases, in which the benefits of such an exhi- 
bition are most needed, and the citizens of which would rejoice at the 
successful consummation of the work, as well upon grounds of patri- 
otism as upon those affecting the development of their resources. 

Another reason which forbids the adoption of such a criterion is the 
fact that the mode of organization of the agencies and instrumentalities 
for affording the people an opportunity of subscribing for stock was 
necessarily novel and imperfect, and dependent upon contingencies 
inseparable from such a work. In the first place, while the press have 
gnerally manifested a readiness to impart information to the people on 
the subject, the commission had not the means and has not felt author- 
ized to enter into the systematic and paid advertising and canvassing 
which is resorted to in enterprises of a private character ; but has had 
to depend upon the gratuitous services of persons engaged in other 
avocations. 

The difficulties of reaching, by such a system, every citizen, so as to 
make universally known the facts relating to the exhibition, and to in- 
form each where he or she might subscribe are obvious. 

The municipal government of the city of Philadelphia, during the 
first session of the commission, appropriated $25,000, from which the 
expenses of the commissioners while in that city were paid, and a sub- 
sequent appropriation of $50,000 was placed at the disposal of the com- 
mission, for the payment of preliminary expenses connected with the 
establishment of an office and the commencement of the work. 

In addition to this the citizens of Philadelphia have already sub- 
scribed to stock to an extent which nearly fills the quota of the State ; 



REPORT OF THE U. S. CENTENNIAL COMMISSION. 7 

and uo doubt will greatly extend their subscriptions after the expiration 
of the period of one hundred days. The direct appropriation made by 
the councils, of a half million of dollars, towards the erection of a part 
of the exhibition building, was made upon the condition that the por- 
tion constructed with funds appropriated by the city government and 
by the State of Pennsylvania for the purpose, shall be a permanent 
structure, and shall remain the property of the State and city, to be 
used as a museum of art and science as applied to industry. 

CUSTOM-HOUSE REGULATIONS. 

With reference to the subject of custom-house regulations the commis- 
sion would recommend that the Secretary of the Treasury be authorized 
to perfect and adopt regulations for the reception of articles arriving 
for the exhibition from abroad, as liberal as those which have been ac- 
corded to the nations by other countries upon such occasions. These 
regulations should relieve all articles intended for the exhibition 
from any tax or import duties, and facilitate the immediate forwarding 
of packages arriving at ports of entry addressed to the commission ac- 
cording to regulations, without custom-house examinations being made 
until their arrival in the exhibition building, which shall be constituted 
a bonded warehouse, and' in which custom-house officers shall be sta- 
tioned in sufficient force to prevent delay in making the inspections. 

Such arrangements have been found very essential and have been 
adopted at European exhibitions. It is suggested that beneficial results 
might be realized in various ways, by providing that any one specimen 
article exhibited will be exempt from import duty, even if sold in the 
United States, provided it shall remain in the exhibition until the clos- 
ing thereof. 

This might be in some cases of great advantage to the industrial 
interests in the United States, and certainly no injury could arise from 
it. It would, moreover, operate as a strong inducement to many 
important branches of foreign manufactures to contribute to the exhibi- 
tion articles of the most attractive and instructive kind. 

THE VIENNA EXHIBITION OF 1873. 

The commission has taken a deep interest in the movement for 
securing a representation of the art, industry, educational systems, and 
resources of the United States at the Vienna universal exhibition, in 
which the Austro-Hungarian government has invited the United States 
to take part in 1873 ; and a correspondence expressive of this friendly 
interest and appreciation has been opened with Baron Schwarz Senborn, 
the chief manager of that exhibition. 

In adopting that course, the commission believed that they were 
acting in a3Cordance with ths friendly interest which has been awakened 
among the people of the United States by the progressive and liberal 
disposition manifested by that monarchy of late years, and by the prob- 
able bearings of such a representation upon the public sentiment of 
Europe, in regard to the proposed centennial exhibition. The impres- 
sions as to the importance of the best and fullest possible participation 
by the United States at Vienna have been strengthened by a closer 
consideration of the subject in all its aspects. 

The opportunity afforded by the great international exhibition at 
Vienna for obtaining information of very great practical value to the 
commission in its work has induced a special provision for securing 
such information. 



« REPORT OF THE U. S. CENTENNIAL COMMISSION. 

The executive commissioner, W. P. Blake, has been instructed to 
proceed to Vienna before the opening, and to study and report upon the 
exhibition in all the departments of organization, construction, and 
management. A committee of the commissioners is also going out to 
visit the exhibition at their own expense. For their names see section 
18, inclosure IV. 

It will be seen from the statements contained in this report that the 
commission has, to the best of its ability, organized and put in operation 
every agency at its command to carry out the requirements of the acts 
of Congress upon the subject. 

The opportunity to subscribe for the centennial stock was presented 
to the people everywhere in the United States on the 21st of November 
1872, and will be continued until March 1st, 1873, under such conditions 
as will enable the people of each State to take up its quota, as appor- 
tioned on the basis of population. After the latter date, the subscription- 
books will remain open without restriction to all. 

The commission is convinced that the proposed exhibition is, with 
but rare exceptions, heartily approved by the people, and that a failure 
of the project would excite feelings of profound regret, and be regarded 
as a national humiliation. 

Respectfully submitted. 

" JOS. E. HAWLEY, 
President United States Centennial Commission. 

Lewis Waln Smith, 

Temporary Secretary. 



List of papers accompanying report of Centennial Commission to Congress, 

February, 1873. 

I. — Historical sketch of the origin and establishment of the United 
States Centennial Commission. 

II. — Abstract of facts concerning the organization of the commission 
and the Centennial Board of Finance. 

III. — Provisional draught of regulations and schedule of dates and 
periods for the different stages of the work. 

IV. — Classified compilation of the journal of proceedings of the Cen- 
tennial Commission, to which is prefixed a table of contents. 

I. 

HISTORICAL SKETCH OF THE ORIGIN AND ESTABLISHMENT OF THE 
UNITED STATES CENTENNIAL COMMISSION FOR THE ORGANIZATION 
AND MANAGEMENT OF THE CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION TO BE HELD AT 
PHILADELPHIA IN 1876. 

A desire, very generally felt by the people of the United States, that 
the centennial anniversary of their national independence should be 
celebrated in a manner worthy of the event, found forcible expression 
through the writings of patriotic citizens in different parts of the coun- 
try, among whom may be mentioned Mr. John Bigelow, of New York, 
formerly the minister of the United States to France, who wrote an im- 
pressive letter on the subject, which was published in the journals of 
the day, and excited much approval of the idea of a national celebra- 
tion, in its magnitude and grandeur far beyond anything of the kind 
which had been witnessed in this countrv. 



PAPERS ACCOMPANYING THE REPORT. \) 

Early in 18GG General Charles B. ^Norton, a United States commis- 
sioner to the Paris exhibition, published aii article in the Anglo-Ameri- 
can Times and Continental Gazette, in which he strongly recommended 
'he celebration of the one hundredth anniversary of our independence by 
an international exhibition. These views of General Norton were pre- 
sented to the American Institute, New York, by Hon. D. S. Gregory, 
but no immediate action was taken. 

Professor John L. Campbell, of Wabash College, Crawfordsville, In- 
diana, addressed an interesting and suggestive communication on the 
subject to the Hon. Morton McMicbael, at the time mayor of Philadel- 
phia. 

In 18G0, Colonel M. Bichards Muckle, of Philadelphia, advanced the 
suggestion that a grand musical festival should be the distinguishing 
feature of the celebration. 

But the practical and fruitful inception of the present project was a 
communication from the Franklin Institute of Philadelphia, signed by 
Mr. William Sellers and others, making application to the municipal 
authorities of that city for the use of Fairmount Park, for the purpose of 
commemorating the one hundredth anniversary of American Indepen- 
dence. That communication was presented to the select council of 
Philadelphia, by Mr. John L, Shoemaker, one of its members, who pro- 
posed a resolution, which was adopted, providing for the appointment of 
a joint committee of seven from each chamber. 

Mr. Shoemaker was appointed the chairman of the committee of the 
councils and has continued to fill that position, to labor zealously and 
effectively for the attainment of the patriotic purposes of its appointment, 
and to promote the success of the movement. 

The first duty of the committee was to present the subject to Congress, 
and to solicit decisive action from that body in the premises. The legis- 
lature of Pennsylvania adopted joint resolutions, from which the follow- 
ing is extracted : 

Resolved, That the Congress of the United States is hereby most respectfully re- 
quested and solicited to take such appropriate action as will carry into effect the cele- 
bration of the centennial anniversary of American Independence at the city of Phila- 
delphia, in a great and truly international character, by an international exhibition of 
arte, manufactures, and products of the soil and mine, as will fully demonstrate the 
rapid march of improvement. 

They also appointed a committee of ten, including the speaker of the 
senate and the speaker of the house, who proceeded, with the committee 
of the councils and his honor Daniel M. Fox, the mayor of Philadelphia, 
to Washington, where they presented a memorial to Congress, setting 
forth the considerations in favor of the projected exhibition, and of 
Philadelphia as the city in which it should be held. 

On the 10th of June, 1870, the Committees of the House of Represen- 
tatives of the United States on Manufactures and Foreign Affairs, re- 
spectively, visited Philadelphia with a view to ascertaining the advan- 
tages and practical adaptation of that city for such a purpose. Their 
judgment upon the subject was very favorable, and resulted in the se- 
lection being made. The memorial prepared by the joint committees of 
the legislature and the councils, and which was presented to the House 
of Representatives by the Hon. Mr. Kelley, of Pennsylvania, urged 
the selection of Philadelphia as the place in which the celebration should 
take place, upon the ground that the Declaration of Independence had 
been written and signed, and its promulgation to the world first made 
in that city. 

The Hon. Daniel J. Morrell, then chairman of the Committee on 
Manufactures of the House of Representatives, on the 9th of March, 



10 EEPORT OF THE U. ' S. CENTENNIAL COMMISSION, 

1870, introduced a bill, which was the basis of the act approved March 
3, 1871, which provided that the exhibition and celebration should take 
place at Philadelphia in 1876, and for the appointment of a commis- 
sioner and an alternate commissioner from each State and Territory, 
by the President, within one year from the passage of the act, such offi- 
cers to be nominated by the governors of the States and Territories. 

It is a historic fact, which it would be improper to suppress in this 
statement, that when this subject was under consideration in the com- 
mittee of the House of Eepresentatives, charged with the preparation 
of a proper bill, a great pressure was exerted by other cities desiring to 
be chosen as the locality for the exhibition, and that those influences 
operated to prevent the introduction into the act of some provisions 
relating to expenses which were obviously important and desirable in a 
law, the purpose of which was to bring about the establishment of an 
exhibition which, as a national solemnity, commemorative of the nation's 
birth, should be in all respects worthy of the country and of the occa- 
sion. 

The terms of the act having been complied with, the commission met 
for the first time at Philadelphia, on the 4th of March, 1872, where they 
organized. They have, since their organization, held three sessions, 
and been otherwise actively engaged in their great work. 

II. 

ABSTRACT OF FACTS CONCERNING THE ORGANIZATION OF THE COM- 
MISSION AND THE BOARD OF FINANCE. 

^ The United States Centennial Commission was appointed and organ- 
ic ized by virtue of authority conferred by the act of Congress approved 
March 3, 1871, which provided for celebrating the one hundredth anni- 
versary of American Independence by an international exhibition. 

The preamble to the act sets forth the considerations which led to its 
passage, in the following words : 

Whereas the Declaration of Independence of the United States of America was pre- 
pared, signed, and promulgated in the year seventeen hundred and seventy-six, in the 
city of Philadelphia ; and whereas it behooves the people of the United States to cel- 
ebrate, by appropriate ceremonies, the centenn al anniversary of this memorable and 
decisive event, which constituted the fourth day of July, anno Domini seventeen hun- 
dred and seventy-six, the birthday of the nation ; and whereas it is deemed fitting 
that the completion of the first century of our national existence shall be commemo- 
rated by an exhibition of the natural resources of the country and their development, 
and of its progress in those arts which benefit mankind, in comparison with those of 
older nations ; and whereas no place is so appropriate for such exhibition as the city 
in which occurred the event it is designed to commemorate ; and whereas, as the ex- 
hibition should be a national celebration, in which the people of the whole country 
should participate, it should have the sanction of the Congress of the United States : 
Therefore, &c. 

The act provides — 

1. For the holding of an exhibition at Philadelphia. 

2. For the appointment of a commission of not more than one dele- 
gate from each State and from each Territory of the United States, 
whose functions shall continue until the close of the exhibition, whose 
duty it shall be to prepare and superintend the execution of a plan for 
holding the exhibition, and, after conference with the authorities of the 
city of Philadelphia, to fix upon a suitable site within the corporate 
limits of that city, where the exhibition shall be held. 

3. That said commissioners should be appointed within one year from 
the passage of the act, by the President of the United States, on the 
nomination of the governors of the States and Territories respectively. 



PAPERS ACCOMPANYING THE REPORT. 11 

1. That the alternate commissioners should be appointed, one from 
each State and Territory, to assume the place and perform the duties of 
the commissioner from the same State or Territory in case of the absence 
of the commissioner from the meetings. 

By section 12 of the act approved June 1, 1872, and by the by-laws of 
the commission, it was provided that the alternate commissioners have 
all the powers of a commissioner when the commissioner is not present 
at any meeting, and that when the commissioner is present the alternate 
may participate in the debates and serve on committees, but shall have 
no vote. • 

The act approved March 3, 1871, contains a proviso that the United 
States shall not be liable for any expenses attending the exhibition. 

The commissioners and alternate commissioners having been ap- 
pointed in accordance with the provisions of the law, assembled at 
Philadelphia and proceeded to effect an organization and entered upon 
the performance of their duties on the 4th of March, 1872. 

Never before in the history of the country had a body representing 
every State and Territory of the Union been organized under similar 
circumstances for the transaction of important practical business, na- 
tional in its character, and demanding the time, attention, and labor of 
those selected for the duty. Although many of them had to travel from 
the most remote portions of the country, not the slightest provision had 
been made by the Government of the United States for the payment of 
any of the expenses which must necessarily be incurred by them in this 
national service. 

No rule was indicated in the act of Congress under which the com- 
mission was authorized a§ to the method by which the capital necessary 
for the payment of the expenses of completing such an exhibibition 
should be raised. Congress had, moreover, provided that the exhibition 
should be a national one, commemorative of the birth of the nation, at 
the same time that they provided that the Government should not be 
involved in any expense by it. 

The duty devolved upon the commission, therefore, to suggest for 
the adoption of Congress some plan conforming with those provisions by 
which the financial necessities of the enterprise could be met. 

The duty of devising and submitting such a plan was referred to the 
executive committee of the commission. That committee, in order to 
give the people of the whole country equal opportunity to participate 
in the great national commemorative exhibition, decided to apply to 
Congress for the charter of a corporation to be called the Centennial 
Board of Finance, which should be an auxiliary to the commission, and 
should have the power under its direction to raise ten millions of dollars 
upon the sale of stock ; and upon which corporation should be devolved 
all the duties and powers necessary to conduct the work to a successful 
issue. They accordingly prepared and submitted to Congress a draught 
of such an act as, in their judgment, would best secure that result. 

The act of Congress approved June 1, 1872, relative to the centennial 
exhibition, was the result of the labors of the committee, and contains 
substantially the provisions they recommended. It created a corporate 
body, to be known as the Centennial Board of Finance. 

In that act distinguished citizens of each State and Territory were 
designated as corporators, and the corporation was authorized to secure 
subscriptions of capital stock to an amount not exceeding ten millions 
of dollars in shares of $10 each. From the money so raised the said 
corporation are to pay for the erection of buildings and to defray all 
the expenses of the exhibition. 



12 EEPOKT OF THE U. S. CENTENNIAL COMMISSION. 

It was also provided that the United States Centennial Commission 
should open the subscription-books under such rules as it might pre- 
scribe ; and that an opportunity should be given for one hundred days 
to the citizens of each State and Territory to subscribe for stock to an 
amount not exceeding its quota, according to population; after which 
period stock not taken may be sold to any person or corporation. 

The Centennial Commission did accordingly adopt rules providing 
for the organization of the Centennial Board of Finance, and the 
opening of subscription-books throughout the country on or about the 
21st of November. Those rules, after tlfeir first issue, required some 
amendment. As ultimately amended and now in force, they are as 
follows : 

[Form 31.] 

177G— INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION, PHILADELPHIA-1876. 

OFFICE OF THE UNITED STATES CENTENNIAL COMMISSION. 

E ales providing for the organization of the Centennial Board of Finance. 

I 

PREAMBLE. 

Whereas, by the third section of an act of Congress entitled "An act relative to the 
Centennial International Exhibition, to be held in the city of Philadelphia, State of 
Pennsylvania, in the year 1876," approved June 1, 1872, it is provided that books of 
subscription shall be opened by the United States Centennial Commission under such 
rules as it may prescribe, and an opportunity shall be given during a period of one 
hundred days, to the citizens of each State and Territory, to subscribe for stock of the 
Centennial Board of Finance, incorporated by said act, and authorized to issue stock 
to an amount not exceeding ten millions of dollars, in^hares of $10 each, and to be 
offered to the several States and Territories in the> ratio of their population : 

Now, therefore, the United States Centennial Commission, in pursuance of the au- 
thority contained in said act, do adopt and establish the following rules, for the open- 
ing of books of subscription to the stock of the said Centennial Board of Finance, to 
enable absent stockholders to vote by proxy, and to provide for the organization of 
said corporation : 

Rule 1. Books of subscription for stock of the Centennial Board of Finance will 
be provided by the commission, containing blank subscription certificates, forms of 
subscription, and marginal record, as follows : 

CENTENNIAL BOARD OF FINANCE. UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 

Subscription certificate. — No. . 

Place . Date . f.icate of subscription for stock of the centennial board 

share. Par value, $10. of finance. 

Payments on this stock [may] be 

made [in full or] as follows : Capital stock, $10,000,000. Shares, $10 each. 
Twenty per cent, on subscription L , 

twenty per cent, on or before the Subscription certificates No. , State of . 

first Monday of May, 1873 ; twenty 

per cent, on or before the first This certifies that : — has subscribed for and paid 

Monday of July, 1873 ; twenty per dollars upon share— of the capital stock of the Centennial 

cent, on or before the first Monday Board of Finance, incorporated by an act. of Congress approved June 

of September, 1873 ; twenty per 1, 1872. 

cent, on or before the first Monday 

of November, 1873. Unless each. The holder of this subscription certificate is entitled to one vote 

installment be paid when due, it upon each share it represents, and to receive a certificate of stock 

is hereby agreed that the said from the Centennial Board of Finance upon the surrender of this 

stock and all payments thereon certificate to the said corporation, and the payment of the balance 

shall, at the option of said corpor- due upon the subscription. 

ation, be forfeited without notice Payments on this stock [may] be made [in full or] as follows : 

or proceedings, either at law or in Twenty per cent, on subscription ; twenty per cent, on or before 

equity, for that purpose. the first Monday of May, 1873 ; twenty per cent, on or before the 

I have this day received from first Monday of July, 1873 j twenty per cent, on or before the first 

, agent, the above- Monday of September, 1873 ; twenty per cent, on or before the first 

mentioned subscription certificate Monday of November, 1873. Unles!s each installment be paid when 

for share — of stock of the due, it is hereby agreed that the said stock and all payments thereon 

Centennial Board of Finance, and shall, at the option of said corporation, be forfeited without notice 

have paid dollars thereon. or proceedings, either at law or in equity, for that purpose. 



[Name of subscriber.) Dated at this day of , 1873. 

[Post-office address.) Name of agent, 



PAPERS ACCOMPANYING THE REPORT. 13 

Rule 2. Subscription certificates prepared under the foregoing rule shall be sent to 
the agent in each State and Territory iu the ratio of population, as hereinafter pro- 
vided. 

Rule 3. Each subscription certificate, aud the marginal blank to which it is at- 
tached, shall be numbered in consecutive order. The numbering of each State aud 
Territory shall be contained within certain limits, the lowest and the highest number 
being fixed for each, as, for example, Wyoming, 1 to 236; Arizona, 237 to 500, aud so 
on, as may be proper when the books are issued ; the object being to prevent any repe- 
tition of numbers, and, at the same time, to permit the independent issue of num- 
bered scrip at different places. 

Rule 4. The agents of the commission for securing subscriptions to the stock in each 
State or Territory shall be appointed in the following manner : 

The centennial commissioner and the alternate commissioner from each State or Ter- 
ritory, or either of them, iu the absence of the other, together with such corporators 
for such State and Territory as may attend a meeting to be called by the commissioner, 
or alternate, for the purpose, shall designate one or more national or other banks, or 
one or more bankers, in good standing, to receive subscriptions and the amounts paid 
thereon, and to issue said subscription certificates. The money so received shall be 
held by such banks or bankers, subject to the order of the Centennial Board of Finance, 
when organized ; and until such organization, to the order of the commissioner or al- 
ternate commissioner, and at least two of the said corporators for the State or Terri- 
tory in which the fund is deposited. 

Rule 5. The executive committee of the commission will inform the commissioner 
and the alternate commissioner of each State and Territory of. the day on or before 
which the books are to be opened. The call for a meeting of the corporators shall be 
issued in season to secure a meeting and the designation of a bank or bankers at which 
the subscriptions shall be received before the time arrives for opening the books. The 
commission will furnish blanks to be used in calling meetings, as aforesaid, in each 
State and Territory. 

Rule 6. Subscriptions will be received from the 21st day of November, 1872, until 
the 28th day of February, 1873, inclusive, being a period of 100 days, and they may be 
made at any of the agencies designated to the commission in accordance with Rule 4, 
and also at any of the bankiug-houses or agencies of Messrs. Jay Cooke & Co. and 
of Messrs. Drexel & Co., who are hereby designated and requested to act as the 
general agents of the commission for securing subscriptions to the stock of the Centen- 
nial Board of Finance. 

Rule 7. The general agents of the commission will be supplied at their central 
offices with subscription books for each of the States and Territories, and upon the 
reception of an application accompanied by the required payment, or the evidence of 
its having been made at either of their agencies, they shall issue and transmit a sub- 
scription certificate in due form to the subscriber. Subscription certificates so issued 
shall bear the name and numbering of the State or Territory from which the applica- 
tion is made. 

Rule 8. Payments upon the stock may be made in full at the time of subscription, or 
as follows : Twenty per cent, on subscription ; the balance on the call of the board 
of finance in installments of 20 per cent, each, at dates not earlier than the first 
Monday of May, July, September, and November, 1873. [This rule modifies Rule 1.] 

Rule 9. After the 1st day of March, 1873, the agents shall forward to the office of 
the commission in Philadelphia a transcript of all subscriptions received by them, 
blanks for which transcript will be furnished by the commission, and retain iu their 
possession the original subscription books subject to the order of the Board of Finance 
when organized. 

Rule 10. Certificates of subscription shall not be issued until at least two dollars 
per share have been paid thereon; and when issued shall be properly filled out, dated, 
aud signed by the agent for the State or Territory appointed in accordance with Rule 
4. The marginal blank shall bear a number corresponding to that upon the subscrip- 
tion certificate, aud having been duly filled out shall be signed by the person to whom 
the certificate is delivered. 

Rule 11. Applications for stock may be made iu person to the agent, or by mail or 
otherwise. Upon the receipt of any such application by mail, accompanied by the 
required payment the authorized agent shall transmit to the applicant a subscription 
certificate as provided by Rule 1, and shall fill up and may sign for the subscriber the 
marginal blank accordingly, and the application shall be correspondingly numbered 
and placed on file. 

For the purpose of facilitating subscriptions for the stock, blank forms of applica- 
tion wiil be printed for distribution. 

Rule 12. The following form of proxy may be used, and shall be disfcribi ted by the 
agents for the convenience ot" subscribers : 



14 



REPORT OF THE U. S. CENTENNIAL COMMISSION. 



Form of proxy for voting for the first board of directors of the Centennial Board of Finance. 
[Incorporated by act of Congress, approved Jane 1, 1872.] 



I do hereby authorize and empower 



for me and in my name to vote upon 



187-. 

- share 

of stock in said corporation held by me, and represented by subscription certificate No. , at the 

meeting of the corporators and subscribers for said stock, called by the United States Centennial Com- 
mission, and to be held at Philadelphia, State of Pennsylvania, for the purpose of electing the first 
board of directors of said corporation. 

[Name of subscriber.] [Address.] 



Rule 13. A copy of these rules will be furnished to each of the agents appointed in 
accordance with Rale 4. 

Table showing the population of each of the States and Territories and the amount of stock of 
the Centennial Hoard of Finance to which they are severally entitled to subscribe within the 
period of one hundred days, from the 21st day of November, 1872, inclusive, to the 1st day 
of March, 1873. 



No. 



State or Territory. 



New York 

Pennsylvania 

Ohio 

Illinois 

Missouri 

Indiana 

Massachusetts - 

Kentucky 

Tennessee 

Virginia 

Iowa 

Georgia 

Michigan 

North Carolina 

Wisconsin 

Alabama 

New Jersey 

Mississippi 

Texas 

Maryland 

Louisiana' 

South Carolina 

Maine 

California 

Connecticut 

Arkansas 

"West Virginia 

Minnesota , . 

Kansas '.. 

Vermont 

New Hampshire 

Rhode Island 

Florida 

District of Columbia 

Delaware 

Nebraska 

New Mexico 

Oregon 

Utah 

Nevada 

Colorado 

Washington 

Montana 

Idaho 

Dakota 

Arizona 

Wyoming 

Total 



Population. 



382, 759 

521, 951 

665, 260 

539, 891 

721, 295 

680, 637 

457, 351 

321, Oil 

258, 520 

225, 163 

194, 020 

184,109 

184, 059 

071, 361 

054, 670 

996, 992 

906,096 

827, 922 

818, 579 

780, 894 

726, 915 

705, 606 

626, 915 

560, 247 

537, 454 

484, 471 

442, 014 

439, 706 

364, 399 

330, 551 

318, 300 

217, 353 

187, 748 

131,700 

125, 015 

122, 993 

91, 874 

90, 923 

86, 786 

42, 491 

39, 864 

23, 955 

20, 595 

14, 999 

14, 181 

9,658 

9,118 



Quota in 
shares. 



113, 666 

91, 341 

69, 123 

65, 871 

44, 641 

43, 587 

37, 796 

34, 260 

32, 639 

31, 774 

30, 967 

30, 710 

30, 708 

27, 785 

27, 353 

25, 854 

23, 499 

21/472 

21, 230 

20, 252 

18, 852 

18, 300 

16, 258 

14, 530 

13, 939 

12, 565 

11, 464 

11, 404 

9,450 

8,573 

8,255 

5,637 

4,869 

3,417 

3, 642 

3,190 

2, 383 

2, 359 

2, 251 

1,102 

1,034 

621 

. 534 

389 

368 

250 

236 



1, 000, 000 



Quota in 
dollars. 



, 136, 660 

913, 410 

691, 230 

658, 710 

446, 410 

435, 870 

377, 960 

342, 600 

326, 390 

317, 740 

309, 670 

307, 100 

307, 080 

277, 850 

273, 530 

258, 540 

234, 990 

214, 720 

212, 300 

202, 520 

188, 520 

183, 000 

162, 580 

145, 300 

139, 390 

125, 650 

114, 640 

114, 040 

94, 500 

85,730 

82, 550 

56,370 

48, 690 

34, 170 

32, 420 

31, 900 

23, 830 

23, 590 

22, 510 

11, 020 

10, 340 

6,210 

5, 340 

3,890 

3,680 

2,500 

2,360 






10, 000. 000 



Section 4 of the act provides as follows : After the expiration of said 
period of one hundred days, the commission shall call a meeting of the 
corporators and all others who may then have subscribed for stock, to 
be held at Philadelphia, for the purpose of electing a board of directors, 
to consist of twenty-five stockholders, whose term of office shall be one 



PAPERS ACCOMPANYING THE REPORT. 15 

year, and until their successors have been qualified. At that meeting, 
those who may be present in person or by proxy, of whom one hundred 
shall constitute a quorum, shall be competent to organize and select 
such officers. The said board of directors, and every subsequent board, 
shall be chosen by the stockholders out of a list of one hundred stock- 
holders selected and nominated by the United States Centennial Com- 
mission. Nine members of the board of directors shall constitute a 
quorum for the transaction of business ; but no election or change of 
officers shall take place except at a meeting at which a majority of the 
board shall be present. 

Section 5 provides that the board of directors shall elect from its 
own number a president and two vice-presidents, whose term shall be 
for one year. They shall appoint a treasurer, a secretary, and such 
other officers as may be required to carry out the purposes of the cor- 
poration, all of which officers shall receive such compensation as the 
board may prescribe. The board will adopt such by-laws, rules, and 
regulations for its own government and for that of its officers as may 
be expedient, and not inconsistent with any act of Congress or the rules 
adopted by the United States Centennial Commission. 

When organized, the board of directors are to take charge of the 
subscription-books, with the papers and records of any kind pertaining 
thereto. 

The grounds for the exhibition shall be prepared, and the buildings 
erected by the said board in accordance with* the plans which shall have 
been previously adopted by the Centennial Commission. 

The board is authorized to issue bonds, not in excess of its capital 
stock, and secure the payment of them by mortgage of its property and 
prospective income. 

At the close of the exhibition, and after paying all its liabilities, said 
board will divide, pro rata, among the stockholders the balance remain- 
ing from the proceeds of the sale of the property, receipts from ad- 
missions, the sale of privileges, rents, and other sources of income. 
And it is made the duty of the United States Centennial Commission 
to supervise the closing up of the affairs of the board, to audit its ac- 
counts, and to submit, in a report to the President of the United States, 
the financial results of the exhibition. 

The dates of the opening and termination of the sessions of the com- 
mission were as follows : Session 1 began March 4, 1872, and ended 
March 11, 1872 j session 2 began May 22, 1872, and ended May 29, 1872 ; 
session 3 began December 4, 1872, and ended December 11, 1872. 

A permanent office has been leased in Philadelphia, where the cor- 
respondence and executive business of the commission is conducted, 
under the supervision of the executive committee. 

The classified compilation of the journal of the proceedings of the 
commission, which accompanies these papers, affords the opportunity of 
referring at once to a statement of all the proceedings relating to any 
important or interesting subject which has received the attention of the 
commission. 

III. 

PROVISIONAL DRAUGHT OF REGULATIONS, AND SCHEDULE OF DATES AND 
PERIODS FOR THE DIFFERENT STAGES OF THE WORK. 

1871 — March 3. — The United States Centennial Commission created by 

act of Congress. 
1872— March 4.— First meeting of the commission in Philadelphia. 
May 22. — Second meeting of the commission. 



16 EEPORT OF THE U. S. CENTENNIAL COMMISSION. 

June 1. — Centennial Board of Finance created by act of Congress. 

November 21. — Books of subscription opened throughout the United 
States. 

December 4. — -Third meeting of the commission. 
1373 — January to May. — Survey of the site and adjacent ground for a 
map to show the topography, drainage, means of access, &c. 

February. — Report to Congress as required by the act of March 
3, 1871. 

March 1. — Call for a meeting of the stock subscribers in accord- 
ance with the provisions of section 4 of the act of Congress 
of June 1, 1872. 

April. — Meeting of the stockholders and organization of the Cen- 
tennial Board of Finance. 

April to December. — Preparation of the ground for the building — 
grading, leveling, water service, drainage, gas supply, ventila- 
tion, &c, &c. 

May. — Fourth meeting of the commission. Adoption of the plan 
in its general features. Adoption of the regulations. Official 
notification and invitations to foreign governments to partici- 
pate in the exhibition, and to designate their commissioner or 
agent to correspond with the United States Centennial Commis- 
sion. 
1874 — Before March 4. — Acceptance by foreign nations of the invitation 
to participate in the exhibition. 

Before April 1. — Final adoption of the plans and elevation of the 
building in detail, together with the outside accessory structures. 
From this time the work on the building to be vigorously 
pushed forward. 

Before May 30. — Preparation and publication of plans, drawn to 
scale, showing the general interior arrangement and apportion- 
ment of space to the several departments and groups, and to the 
various countries. 
1875 — Before October. — Detailed plans and information concerning the 
exhibition contemplated by foreign nations, to be forwarded to 
the commission, accompanied by lists of the objects and of the 
exhibitors, to be used in compiling the official catalogue. 

Before November. — The construction of the building "to be com- 
pleted. 
October, 1875, to January, 1876. — Completion of the decoration and of the 
interior division, and permanent fixtures prerequisite to the 
installation ; reception of heavy objects, such as machinery, 
ordnance, &c. ; erection of lines of shafting, boilers, and motors. 
1876 — January 1 to April 1. — Reception and arrangement of articles for 
exhibition ; the installation. 

February 1. — Latest date for the reception of data for the first 
edition of the catalogue. 

April 1 to April 16. — Clearing the building, drilling the guardians, 
and final preparations for opening. 

April 1.9. — Opening of the exhibition, with appropriate cere- 
monies. 

April to November. — Special agricultural exhibitions and trials, 
and special exhibitions of flowers, fruits, and vegetables in their 
season, according to special programmes to be issued by the 
commission. 

October 19. — Closing of the exhibition. 



PAPERS ACCOMPANYING THE REPORT. 17 

general regulations. 

May 23, 1872. 

Mr. Campbell, of Indiana, chairman of the committee on foreign 
affairs, presented the following report : 

Section 8 of the act of Congress under which the Centennial Com- 
mission organized, declares that whenever the President shall be in- 
formed by the governor of the State of Pennsylvania that provision 
has been made for the erection of suitable buildings for the purpose, 
and for the exclusive control by the commission herein provided for the 
proposed exhibition, the President shall, through the Department of 
State, make proclamation of the same, setting forth the time at which 
the exhibition will open, and the place at which it will be held, and he 
shall communicate to the diplomatic representatives of all nations copies 
of the same, together with such regulations as may be adopted by 
the commissioners for publication in their respective countries. 

The committee recommend the adoption of the following general reg- 
ulations to accompany the proclamation of the President of the United 
States : 

First. The international exhibition of 1876 will be held in Fairrnount 
Park, in the city of Philadelphia, in the year eighteen hundred and 
seventy-six. 

Second. The date of opening of the exhibition will be May 1, 1876, and 
of closing will be November 30, 1876. 

Third. A cordial invitation is hereby extended to every nation of the 
earth to be represented by its arts, industries, progress, and develop- 
ment. 

Fourth. A formal acceptance of this invitation is requested previous 
to March 4, 1874. 

Fifth. Each nation accepting this invitation is requested to appoint a 
commission, through which all matters pertaining to its own interests 
shall be conducted. For the purpose of convenient intercourse and 
satisfactory supervision, it is specially desired that one member of each 
such commission be designated to reside at Philadelphia until the close 
of the exposition. 

Sixth. The privileges of exhibitors can be granted only to citizens of 
countries whose governments have formally accepted the invitation to 
be represented and have appointed the aforementioned commission, and 
all communications must be made through the governmental commis- 
sions. 

Seventh. Applications for space within the exposition buildings, or in 
the adjacent buildings and grounds under the control of the Centennial 
Commission, must be made previous to March 4, 18Z5. 

Eighth. Full diagrams of the buildings and grounds will be furnished 
to the commissioners of the different nations which shall accept the in- 
vitation to participate. 

Ninth. All articles intended for exhibition, in order to secure proper 
position and classification, must be in Philadelphia on or before March 
4, 1876. 

Tenth. Acts of Congress pertaining to custom-house regulations, 
duties, &c, together with all special regulations adopted by the Centen- 
nial Commission in reference to transportation, allotment of space, class- 
ification, motive power, insurance, police rules, and other matters neces- 
sary to the proper display and preservation of materials, will be promptly 
communicated to the accredited representatives of the several govern- 
ments co-operating in the exposition. 

JOHN L. CAMPBELL, Chairman. 
H. Mis. 99 2 



18 REPORT OF THE U. S. CENTENNIAL COMMISSION. 

May 25, 1872. 

The commission resumed the consideration of the report of the com- 
mittee on foreign affairs, for the purpose of filling the blanks as to 
dates. The report having been again read, 

Mr. Lowry, of Iowa, moved that the second section of the report be 
completed as follows : 

"The date of the opening of the exhibition will be the 19th of April, 
and of closing will be the 19th of October, 1876." Which was agreed to - 7 

And moved that section fourth be completed as follows : 

"A formal acceptance of this invitation is requested previous to 
March 4, 1874." Which was agreed to. 

Mr. Atwood, of Wisconsin, moved that the blank in section seventh, 
designating the time at which applications for space shall be made, be 
filled so as to read, " previous to March 4, 1875." 

And section ninth be completed as follows : 

U A11 articles intended for exhibition, in order to secure proper posi- 
tion and classification, must be in Philadelphia on or before January 1, 
1876." Which was agreed to. 

The report as a whole was then adopted. 

On motion, the commission adjourned to meet to-morrow morning at 
10 o'clock, in this room. 

LEWIS WALK SMITH, 

Temporary Secretary. 
IV. 

CLASSIFIED COMPILATION OF THE JOURNAL OF THE PROCEEDINGS OF 
THE UNITED STATES CENTENNIAL COMMISSION, AT PHILADELPHIA,, 

1872-73. 

Table of contents of — 

Section 1. List of officers. 

Section 2. First meeting in Philadelphia ; reception by municipal 
authorities ; election of officers and appointment of committees. 

Section 2 a. Site of exhibition. 

Section 3. General purposes and scope of the centennial exhibition. 

Section 4. Classification. 

Section 5. Addresses to the people. 

Section 6. Centennial Board of Finance ; organization of. 

Section 7. Special canvassing agents for subscriptions. 

Section 8. Offers to co-operate in the international exhibition. 

Section 9. By-laws. 

Section 10. Seal and coat-of-arms for the commission. 

Section 11. Organization of auxiliary associations and committees* 

Section 12. Museum of art and science, as applied to industry. 

Section 13. Plans and architecture. 

Section 14. Financial results of the Paris exposition of 1867. 

Section 15. Appropriations ; appropriations by Congress, pro- 
posed ; appropriation made by Philadelphia. 

Section 16. Proposed appropriation by the State of Pennsylvania. 

Section 17. Tariffs and transportation. 

Section 18. Vienna exposition of 1873. 

Section 19. Cincinnati exhibition. 

Section 20. Historical memoirs, proposed. 

Section 21. Late William Prescott Smith, commissioner from 
Maryland. 

Section 22. International statistical congress. 



SECTION I — OFFICERS — STANDING COMMITTEES. 19 

Section 23. Society of Cincinnati. 

Section 24. Co-operative colonization. 

Section 25. Mining. 

Section 26. Coins of the United States, memorial inscription on, 
relating to centennial exhibition. 

Section 27. Thanks to the press of the city of Philadelphia. 

Section 28. Music as a part of the celebration. 

Section 29. Thanks to Mr. John Rice, president of the Continental 
Hotel Company, and Messrs. J. E. Kingsley & Co., for gratuitous 
use of apartments for business of the commission. 

Section 30. Special census of the United States in 187G. 

Appendix 1. Acts of Congress relating to centenary. 

Appendix 2. First report of the president of the Centennial Com- 
mission to the President. ^ 



SECTION I. 

LIST OF OFFICERS. 

President. — Hon. Joseph E. Hawley. 

Vice-presidents. — Hon. Orestes Cleveland, Hon. Alfred T. Goshorn, 
Hon. William M. Byrd, Hon. John Dunbar Creigh, Hon. Eobert Lowry. 

Temporary secretary. — Hon. Lewis Wain Smith. 

Executive commissioner. — Hon. William Phipps Blake. 

Counsellor and solicitor. — John L. Shoemaker, esq., No. 611 Vine street, 
Philadelphia, 

STANDING COMMITTEES. 

Executive committee. — Daniel J. Morrell, Pennsylvania 5 John V. L. 
Pruyn, New York ; George H. Corliss, Ehode Island ; James T. Earle, 
Maryland; John Lynch, Louisiana; John G. Stevens, New Jersey; Walter 
W. Wood, Virginia; Alfred T. Goshorn, Ohio, ex-officio as chairman of 
committee on plans and architecture ; George B. Loring, Massachusetts, 
ex-officio as chairman of committee on finance. 

Committee on plans and architecture. — Alfred T. Goshorn, Ohio; Wm. 
Henry Parsons, Texas ; Middleton Goldsmith, Vermont ; Ezekiel A. Straw, 
New Hampshire ; David Atwood, Wisconsin ; Orestes Cleveland, New 
Jersey ; George A. Batchelder, Dakota. 

Committee on tariffs and transportation. — O. C. French, Mississippi; 
David M. Boyd, jr., Indiana ; Charles H. Marshall, New York ; Joshua 
Nye, Maine ; Andrew J. Sweeney, West Virginia; Wm. F. Prosser, Ten- 
nessee ; John H. Wickizer, Utah. 

Committee on finance. — Geo. B. Loring, Massachusetts; Asa Packer, 
Pennsylvania ; John W. Davis, Maryland ; James Birney, Michigan ; J. 
Marshall Paul, Colorado ; John McNeil, Missouri ; Charles H. Marshall, 
New York. 

Committee on foreign affairs. — John L. Campbell, Indiana ; John G. 
Stevens, New Jersey ; Eobert H. Lamborn, Wyoming; John V. L. Pruyn, 
New York ; Lewis Wain Smith, Georgia ; Alexander E. Boteler, West 
Virginia ; E. W. Gantt, Arkansas. 

Committee on opening services. — James L. Orr, South Carolina ; Eichard 
C. McCormick, Arizona; Henry S. Moody, Nebraska; Samuel Powel, 
Ehode Island ; Wilson W. Griffith, Ohio ; Andrew J. Dufur, Oregon ; John 
Dunbar Creigh, California. 



-f 



20 REPORT OF THE U. S. CENTENNIAL COMMISSION. 

Committee on legislation. — David Atwood, Wisconsin ; Orestes Cleve- 
land, New Jersey ; William M. Byrd, Alabama ; William F. Prosser, Ten- 
nessee ; James E. Dexter, District of Columbia ; Solomon L. Spink, Da- 
kota ; William H. Clagett, Montana. 

Committee on classification. — William P. Blake, Connecticut ; John L. 
Campbell, Indiana ; Joshua Nye, Maine 5 John A. Martin, Kansas; Fred- 
erick L. Matthews, Illinois; Jonathan W. Albertson, North Carolina; 
Edward D. Holton, Wisconsin. 

Committee on nomination of secretaries of departments. — George B. 
Loring, Massachusetts; Middleton Goldsmith, Vermont; Thomas Donald- 
son, Idaho, Charles H. Marshall, New York; John S. Adama, Florida. 

MEMBERS. 

Alabama. — William M. Byrd, commissioner, Seima; James L. Cooper, 
alternate, Huntsville. 

Arizona. — Bichard C. McCormick, commissioner, Tucson, Arizona, and 
Washington, D. C; John Wasson, alternate, Tucson. 

Arkansas. — E. W. Gantt, commissioner, Little Bock; Alexander Mc- 
Donald, alternate, Little Bock. 

California. — John Dunbar Creigh, commissioner, No. 714 Shotwell 
street, San Francisco; John Middleton, alternate, 509 Montgomery street, 
San Francisco. 

Colorado. — J. Marshall Paul, commissioner, Fair Play; N. C. Meeker, 
alternate, 1 Greeley. 

Connecticut. — Joserjh B. Hawley, commissioner, Hartford ; Wm. Phipps 
Blake, alternate, New Haven. 

Dakota. — George A. Bachelder, commissioner, Yankton, Dakota, and 
National Hotel, Washington, D. C. ; Solomon L. Spink, alternate, Yank- 
ton. 

Delaware. — Wm. T. Bead, commissioner, New Castle; John H. Bod- 
ney, alternate, New Castle. 

District of Columbia. — James E. Dexter, commissioner, 322 Four-and- 
a-half street, northwest, Washington ; Lawrence A. Gobright, alternate, 
Washington. 

Florida. — John S. Adams, commissio ner, Jacksonville; J. T. Bernard, 
alternate, Tallahassee. 

Georgia. — Thomas Hardeman, jr., commissioner, Macon ; Lewis Wain 
Smith, alternate, 707 Walnut street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. 

Idaho. — Thomas Donaldson, commissioner, Boise City; James S. 
Benyolds, alternate, Boise City. 

Illinois. — Frederick L. Mathews, commissioner, Carlinsville ; Law- 
rence Weldon, alternate, Boomington. 

Indiana. — John L. Campbell, commissioner, Wabash College, Craw- 
fordsville ; David M. Boyd, jr., alternate, Pennsylvania Bailroad office, 
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. 

Iowa. — Robert Lowry, commissioner, Davenport ; Coker F. Clarkson, 
alternate, Grundy County. 

Kansas. — John A. Martin, commissioner, Atchison ; George A. Craw- 
ford, alternate, Fort Scott. 

Kentucky. — Bobert Mallory, commissioner, La Grange; Smith M. 
Hobbs, alternate, Mount Washington. 

louisiana. — John Lynch, commissioner, lock-box 980, New Orleans ; 
Thomas C. Anderson, alternate, Opelousas. 

Maine. — Joshua Nye, commissioner, Augusta; Charles P. Kimball, 
alternate, Portland. 



SECTION I MEMBERS. 21 

Maryland. — James T. Earle, commissioner, Cetreville, Queen Anne 
County ; John W. Davis, alternate, 25 North Calvert street, Baltimore. 

Massachusetts. — George B. Loring, commissioner, Salem ; William B. 
Spooner, alternate, 163 Congress street, Boston. 

Michigan. — James Birney, commissioner, Bay City ; Claudius B. Grant, 
alternate, Ann Arbor. 

Minnesota. — J. Fletcher Williams, commissioner, Saint Paul ; W. W. 
Folwell, alternate, Saint Anthony. 

Mississippi. — O. C. French, commissioner, Jackson. 

Missouri. — John McNeil, commissioner, Comptoa Hills, Saint Louis ; 
Samuel Hays, alternate, Saint Joseph. 

Montana. — William H. Clagett, commissioner, Deer Lodge City and 720 
Fourteenth street, N. W. Washington, D. C; Patrick A. Largey, alter- 
nate, Virginia City. 

Nebraska. — Henry S. Moody, commissioner, Oinaha; R. W.Furnas, 
alternate, Brownsville. 

Nevada. — William Wirt McCoy, commissioner, Eureka, Lander County . 

New Hampshire. — Ezekiel A. Straw, commissioner, Manchester ; Asa 
P. Cate, alternate, Northfield. 

f New Jersey. — Orestes Cleveland, commissioner, Jersey City ; John G. 
--Stevens, alternate, Trenton. 

Neiv Mexico. — Eldridge W. Little, commissioner, Santa Fe. 

New York. — John Y. L. Pruyn, commissioner, Albany ; Charles H. 
Marshall, alternate, 38 Burling slip, New York City. 

North Carolina. , commissioner ; Jonathan W. Albertson, 

alternate, Hertford, Perquimons County. 

Ohio. — Alfred T. Goshorn, commissioner, Cincinnati ; Wilson W. 
Griffith, alternate, Toledo. 

Oregon. — James W. Virtue, commissioner, Baker City; Andrew J. 
Dufur, alternate, Portland. 
i Pennsylvania. — Daniel J. Morrell, commissioner, Johnstown; Asa 
/ Packer, alternate, Mauch Chunk. 

Rhode Island. — George H. Corliss, commissioner, Providence ; Samuel 
Powel, alternate, Newport. 

South Carolina. — James L. Orr, commissioner, Anderson ; Archibald 
Cameron, alternate, Charleston. 

Tennessee. — Thomas H. Coldwell, commissioner, Shelbyville, Bedford 
County ; William F. Prosser, alternate, Nashville. 

Texas. — William Henry Parsons, commissioner, Houston, Texas, or 
29 Broadway, New York. 

Utah. — John H. Wickizer, commissioner, Salt Lake City ; Oscar G. 
Sawyer, alternate, Salt Lake City. 

Vermont. — Middleton Goldsmith, commissioner, Rutland; Henry Chase, 
alternate, Lyndon. 

Virginia. — Walter W. Wood, commissioner, Halifax Court-House. 
Washington Territory. — Elwood Evans, commissioner, Olympia ; Alex- 
ander S. Abernethy, alternate, Cowlitz Count3 T . 

West Virginia. — Alexander R. Boteler, commissioner, Shepherdstown; 
Andrew J. Sweeney, alternate, Wheeling. 

Wisconsin. — David Atwood, commissioner, Madison ; Edward D. Hol- 
ton, alternate, Milwaukee. 

Wyoming. — H. Latham, commissioner, Laramie City; Robert H. Lam- 
born, alternate, 125 South Fifth street, Philadelphia. 



22 REPORT OF THE U. S. CENTENNIAL COMMISSION. 

SECTION II. 

FIRST MEETING IN PHILADELPHIA, MARCH 4, 1872. 

RECEPTION BY THE MUNICIPAL AUTHORITIES— ELECTION OF OFFICERS AND APPOINT- 
MENT OF COMMITTEES. 

Classified compilation of the journal of the proceedings of the commissioners 
appointed under and pursuant to the act of Congress approved March 3, 
1871, entitled "An act to provide for celebrating the one hundredth anni- 
versary of American Independence, by holding an international exhi- 
bition of arts, manufactures, and products of the soil and mine, in the 
city of Philadelphia, and State of Pennsylvania, in the year 1876." 

Philadelphia, March 4, 1872. 

In conformity with the ordinance of the select and common councils 
of the city of Philadelphia, approved by the mayor of said city October 
30, 1871, entitled "An ordinance to provide for the first meeting and 
organization of the United States Centennial Commission, and to make 
an appropriation therefor," the commissioners appointed by the Presi- 
dent of the United States, npon the recommendation of the governors 
of the several States and Territories, pursuant to the act of Congress, 
approved March 3, 1871, held an informal meeting in parlor C of the 
Continental Hotel, in the city of Philadelphia, at 10J o'clock a. m. this 
day : 

Present, commissioners and alternate commissioners as follows : 

Joseph E. Hawley, commissioner of Connecticut. 

William M. Byrd, commissioner of Alabama. 

Lewis Wain Smith, alternate commissioner of Georgia. 

James E. Dexter, commissioner of District of Columbia. 

John L. Campbell, commissioner of Indiana. 

Robert Lowry, commissioner of Iowa. 

John Lynch, commissioner of Louisiana. 

George Alexander Batchelder, commissioner of Dakota. 

Joshua Nye, commissioner of Maine. 

James Birney, commissioner of Michigan. 

John Dunbar Creigh, commissioner of California. 

Orestes Cleveland, commissioner of New Jersey. 

Charles H. Marshall, alternate commissioner of New York. 

Henry Probasco, commissioner of Ohio. 

Daniel J. Morrell, commissioner of Pennsylvania. 

George H. Corliss, commissioner of Ehode Island. 

William F. Prosser, alternate commissioner of Tennessee. 

William Henry Parsons, commissioner of Texas. 

John H. Wickizer, commissioner of Utah. 

John N. Baxter, commissioner of Vermont. 

Walter W. Wood, commissioner of Virginia. 

Andrew J. Sweeney, alternate commissioner of West Virginia. 

David Atwood, commissioner of Wisconsin. 

Robert H. Lamborn, alter n ate commissioner of Wyoming. 

Henry S. Moody, commissioner of Nebraska. 

William P. Blake,, altera ate commissioner of Connecticut. 

Solomon L. Spink, alternate commissioner of Dakota. 

J. Marshall Paul, commissioner of Colorado. 

David M. Boyd, jr., alternate commissioner of Indiana. 

Mr. Morrell, of Pennsylvania, moved that Mr. Atwood, of Wisconsin, 
be appointed chairman pro tempore ; which was agreed to. 



SECTION II FIRST MEETING IN PHILADELPHIA. 23 

Mr. Atwood, of Wisconsin, in accepting the position, said : 

Gentlemen of the Commission : The honor of having been selected 
to preside temporarily over the deliberations of this commission has 
taken me by surprise, and I have no speech to make. I accept the 
honor, not as a personal compliment, but as a compliment to the great 
Northwest, which I in part represent. In this view, gentlemen, I thank 
you heartily for the honor you have done that section of our noble 
Union. 

We have met for the transaction of business of great importance to 
tho country. We are to make arrangements for celebrating the one 
hundredth anniversary of the signing of the great Declaration of Inde- 
pendence, which proclaimed equal rights to all men. These arrange- 
ments should be made with special care. All sections of the country 
should be considered so that the utmost harmony throughout the nation 
shall prevail in regard to this, the greatest event of the century, and 
that the whole people may co-operate zealously for the success of the 
enterprise. To make it such an exhibition of the immense resources of 
this country as is desirable will require wisdom, on our part, and much 
labor. I trust the result of our labor will be such as will redound to the 
honor and glory of our common country. 

Mr. John L. Campbell, of Indiana, moved that Mr. John N. Baxter, 
of Vermont, be appointed secretary pro tempore; which was agreed to. 

The authorities of the city of Philadelphia desiring to extend to the 
commissioners a welcome, and having invited them to meet the mayor, 
the select and common councils, and representatives of corporate bodies 
of the city in Independence Hall at 11J o'clock, 

The commissioners adjourned and proceeded in a body to the hall. 

On entering the hall, Mr. John L. Shoemaker, chairman of the centen- 
nial committee of the councils of Philadelphia, stepped forward and ad- 
dressed the Hon. William S. Stokley, mayor of Philadelphia, as follows : 

Mr. Mayor : As chairman of the centennial committee of the councils 
of the city of Philadelphia, I have the honor to present to you the dis- 
tinguished gentlemen who compose the United States Centennial Com- 
mission, appointed under the act of Congress, approved March 3, 1871, 
and who are assembled here upon the invitation of the authorities of the 
city of Philadephia to enter upon the discharge of their important duties. 

Mayor Stokley, in welcoming the commissioners to the city, spoke as 
follows : 

Commissioners of the Centennial International Exposition : 

Gentlemen : It is my pleasant duty, in behalf of the corporate 
authorities of Philadelphia, to welcome you as guests of the city. The 
object which has brought you here commends itself to the earnest sym- 
pathies of our citizens ; and, speaking for them as well as for myself, I 
cannot too strongly express our gratification that its furtherance has 
been committed to such able hands, selected by the highest authorities 
of the States and Territories you represent, and approved by the high- 
est authority of the nation. You bring with you an assurance that your 
councils will be inspired by patriotism, aud that your decisions will be 
marked by wisdom. And, gentlemen, looking to the great end you 
have been appointed to accomplish, how fitting is it that the inaugura- 
tion of your labors should take place in this hall. Here was born the 
mighty republic whose growth and progress it will be your province to 
manifest to the world, through the agency of that grand international 
exposition of arts, manufactures, and products of the soil and mine — 
the control and management of which have been confided to vour care. 



f 



24 EEPORT OF THE U. S. CENTENNIAL COMMISSION. 

Here still are preserved with pious zeal the memorials of that august 
assembly whose immortal declaration changed the political destinies of 
a continent, and in its consequences has developed, and is still develop- 
ing, social and industrial results almost beyond the power of man to 
estimate. Here, too, at different epochs in our history, have come those 
whom the people delighted to honor, to receive the tribute of their 
admiration ; and here, on their solemn progress to the silent tomb, have 
reposed the remains of statesmen and warriors who aided to form and 
sustain, and to perpetuate that Union which is our pride and boast, and 
shall be the pride and boast of our children's children to the remotest 
generations. How fitting, then, I repeat, it is that your mission, a mis- 
sion the magnitude of which no words of mine can adequately portray ; 
a mission that has for its aim to show how the century now nearing its 
close, in all the achievements of intellectual and material progress, has 
bad no parallel in all the ages, and especially of all the lands on which 
the sun shines, in this favored land of ours ; how fitting is it that your 
mission should be sanctified at its very outset by the holy influences that 
prevail within these walls, and that you should receive from the Father 
of his Country, whose portrait now hangs before you, the injunction so 
well imparted by his majestic presence, to spare no pains, to omit no 
opportunity, to allow of no interruption, in proving that the little seed 
which he and his contemporaries planted has fructified into abroad and 
wide-spreading tree, under whose branches all the earth may find shelter 
and protection. 

Gentlemen, this is neither the time nor the place to enter into any of 
the details connected with your commission. I content myself, there- 
fore, with renewing to you a cordial welcome, and assuring you that in 
whatever way Philadelphia may be called upon to contribute to the suc- 
cess of the great enterprise you represent she will be found true to her- 
self, true to her traditions, true to her position in the sisterhood of 
cities, and true, above all, to the obligations which, as the birth-place of 
American liberty, she feels justly imposed on her. 

To which Mr. Hawley, of Connecticut, in behalf of the commission- 
ers, responded as follows : 

Me. Mayor and Gentlemen oe Philadelphia : The commission- 
ers gratefully acknowledge the cordial welcome and generous hospitality 
of the city of Philadelphia, of which they have had continuing and 
most acceptable evidence from the moment of their arrival. We gladly 
seize the first opportunity to formally but most warmly thank you. 
Though we have not yet devised an organization, nor opened any dis- 
cussion of plans or purposes, I may say it is obvious, from the sponta- 
neous and earnest expressions of all the commissioners, that they are 
conscious of the laborious but noble task set before them. And it is 
altogether fit and wise that we should take our first step and utter our 
first words in this hall. There sat John Hancock, presiding over that 
immortal body. There came Jefferson, Franklin, Adams, Sherman, and 
Livingston, presenting the sacred declaration. There lies the broken 
and silent bell, which at the word proclaimed liberty throughout all 
the land unto all the inhabitants thereof. We are confused and silenced 
by a multitude of thronging memories and reflections. But above all 
arises profoundly solemn yet exulting gratitude to Almighty God for 
what He has done for this nation. Our fathers were three millions of 
scattered colonists. They were aware of their divided counsels and 
feebleness; but strong in faith, they needed not even the pillar of cloud 
by day, and of fire by night, as they went out into the wilderness of 



SECTION II FIRST MEETING IN PHILADELPHIA. 25 

war and rebellion. Heaven accepted their sacrifices and their consecra- 
tion, made the nation the foremost example of human progress, and put 
into our hands the form of government requiring the highest type of 
character. To say that they could not possibly have anticipated the 
wonders of this day is to pass the highest eulogy upon their faith and 
devotion to abstract principle. They could not have dreamed of a gi- 
gantic nation of forty millions of people, stretching from the Atlantic 
to the Pacific ; nor could they have foreseen the wonderful inventions 
and discoveries by which the unity, energy, and perpetuity of great na- 
tions are rendered practicable ; that already old, yet daily new, miracle 
of the railway, by which we can seat ourselves in a luxurious parlor at 
Boston, and in six days look from its windows upon the Pacific ; that 
already old, yet still new, miracle through which all civilized people 
talk every morniug of whatever has just happened from San Francisco 
to Constantinople. It is easier to assemble a congress from Maine and 
Oregon than it was fifty years ago to gather a congress from Massachu- 
setts and Georgia. We are forty millions — we shall soon be sixty, 
eighty, and a hundred millions ; and the interchange of thought, of 
men, and of matter among them all will be easier than it was then in 
the single commonwealth of Pennsylvania. All the arts and sciences 
have advanced. The industrious laborer enjoys beauties, comforts, and 
luxuries which unlimited wealth could not purchase then. The forty 
millions are all free and equal in civil and political rights. The gates 
are wide open, and men enough to form a new State come annually to 
our shores — men of all races, creeds, and pursuits. 

We are preparing to celebrate the centennial anniversary of the birth 
of the nation. It is significant and reassuring to observe that it has 
nowhere been proposed to use the occasion to display great armies and 
fleets, and parade the trophies of bloody conquest. But we invite all 
the world to come here and see what God has wrought, and to assemble 
here all the wonderful things man has found in nature, either as he has 
found them or as he has magically transformed them. 

The commissioners will diligently observe the purposes for which they 
were appointed, in accordance with the act of Congress, and strive with 
indefatigable zeal to win for the celebration the favor and support of all 
the people of all the Union. The occasion will have a special value, and, 
we hope, a blessed influence within our own boundaries. And they will 
address themselves in a fraternal spirit to the people of all other nations, 
that this may be the best exposition yet seen of the men and the works 
of all the world. Mr. Mayor, we await your pleasure. 

Mr. Shoemaker, of the councils of Philadelphia, then spoke as follows : 

Mr. Chairman and gentlemen of the committee : It was ex- 
pected his excellency the governor of Pennsylvania would have been 
present on this occasion. A letter from him, however, has been received, 
explaining his absence. It is as follows : 

Executive* Chamber, Harrwburgh, February 29, 1872. 
My Dear Sir : I have the honor to acknowledge the receipt of your 
letter of the 28th instant, and in reply thereto say that I heartily con- 
cur with you in your remarks on the approaching meeting of the United 
States Centennial Commissioners in Philadelphia. If sufficiently re- 
covered from my present illness, I will be with you at the time indicated. 
We should give the strongest assurances in our power to the United 
States commissioners that we, as Pennsylvanians, duly and fully appre- 
iate the vast responsibilities resting upon us, as well as the herculean 



26 REPORT OF THE U. S. CENTENNIAL COMMISSION. 

duties involved in prosecuting and perfecting the great national object 
which is about to be undertaken: and while we are willing not only 
to pledge and give our best energies in its prosecution, we at the same 
time earnestly request a hearty co-operation of the people of all the 
States and Territories of the Union to make our first national centen- 
nial the greatest and grandest event of the age. 

Should I not be able to be present on the 4th proximo, please to do 
me the favor to extend to the visiting commissioners, in my name and 
that of this State, a most sincere and cordial welcome to Pennsylvania. 
Tours, truly, 

JOHN W. GEAEY. 

John L. Shoemaker, Esq. 

After a few minutes indulged in by a formal introduction of the 
members of councils, the commissioners were escorted to the chamber 
of common council, where, when Presidents Littleton and Wagner had 
taken their seats, and the commissioners had entered and taken the 
places assigned to them, 

Mr. William E. Littleton, president of select council, said : 

GENTLEMEN OF THE CENTENNIAL COMMISSION : The Councils of the 

city of Philadelphia, on the 15th of February, unanimously adopted a 
resolution placing this and the adjoining room, their places of meeting, 
at your service, to enable you as a body to conveniently transact the 
business for which you have been appointed. It is our pleasant duty to 
say to you officially, that these chambers are at your disposal for such 
length of time as you may desire, and to add that the clerks and mes- 
sengers of councils will cheerfully afford any assistance you may need 
from them. 

Mr. Atwood, chairman of the commission, responded as follows : 
Mr. President : The gentlemen of the commission accept the 
courtesies extended to them with many thanks. We shall endeavor to 
make good use of them for the country as well as for Philadelphia. 
The mayor and councils of Philadelphia having retired, 
Mr. Atwood, the chairman, called the body to order and spoke as fol- 
lows : 

GrENTLEMEN OE the Commission: Our meeting is one of unusual 
importance. It will require the deliberations of the best minds of the 
country. We should have all human guidance and wisdom, and, as an 
additional act, we should look to a Higher Power than earth ; and as a 
preliminary exercise, I have the pleasure of introducing to you Kev. Dr. 
Hutter, of Philadelphia, to open our proceedings with prayer. 

Kev. Dr. Hutter, of Philadelphia, then offered the following prayer : 

Almighty God, our Heavenly Father, Thou art the King eternal, im- 
mortal, invisible, the only wise God, glorious in holiness, fearful in 
praises, doing wonders. In Thy hands are the lives of men and the fate 
of nations. We approach Thy throne with solemn awe and profoundest 
veneration. We confess our numerous errors and offenses, our sinful- 
ness and unworthiness ; but we rejoice in the revelation we have of 
Thyself, that Thou art long-suffering, gracious, and merciful, slow to 
anger, and plenteous in mercy unto the penitent and believing. We are 
conscious of our dependence on Thee, and O that we may have a liv- 
ing and habitual realization of the fact that it is absolute and unquali- 
fied, and that, except for the strength Thou givest us, we can think no 
good thought, far less perform any good deed. 

Our Heavenly Father, we bless Thee for the manifold mercies and 



►SECTION II FIRST MEETING IN PHILADELPHIA. 27 

benefits which Thou hast so freely bestowed on us, and for their daily 
and hourly repetition. To count them all up unto Thee would be im- 
possible. They are more than the hairs of our head, multiplied by 
the stars of heaven — more than the sands of the sea. We thank 
Thee for the blessings of redemption, for the scriptures, that are able 
to make us wise unto salvation ; for the Holy Ghost, sent for our illumi- 
nation and sanctincation — for the Church, and her many invaluable 
auxiliaries of piety and benevolence. We thank Thee above all things 
else for the gift of Jesus Christ, Thine only begotten and well-beloved 
Son, our Lord and Saviour, the brightness of Thine own excellent glory, 
who was crucified for our sins, and raised again for our justification — 
very God, very man — the worshipped of the heavenly hierarchies — the 
hope of the sinful, the erring, and the lost. 

O God! in view of this place and this occasion, we award unto Thee 
special praises and thanksgivings for our inestimable civil and political 
privileges. Thou hast not dealt so with any other nation. We bless 
Thee for the work of our forefathers, the brave and the good men of 
revolutionary fame, who, not far from one hundred years ago, on this 
very spot, and amidst these very surroundings, proclaimed " Liberty to 
the land and to all the inhabitants thereof." We bless Thee for the gift 
of a Washington, in whom they had so wise and trusted a leader, and 
for all his compatriots in arms and in counsel. We thank Thee that 
Thou didst inspire their hearts with all needful wisdom and fortitude 
and faith and patience and courage, enabling them in those eventful 
times and on this sacred soil to lay the foundations of this mighty 
Western Eepublic broadly, deeply, and securely, making it a home and 
an asylum for the downtrodden and oppressed of all climes and countries. 
We ascribe the power and the glory of the stupendous consummation, 
however, not to their valor and prowess, not to their horses and chariots, 
but we give the praise of their triumphs and successes unto Thee. 

O God ! we beseech Thee to continue to us and to our descendants, to 
the end of time, these invaluable privileges. May we prize them in 
our souls' just estimation above all price. Let the American Union be 
as enduring as the stars; suffer no parricidal hand ever again to be 
lifted up against it. From it may a perennial stream of blessings issue 
like water out of the rock of Horeb. Through our example, may the 
boundaries of human happiness be enlarged, and the knowledge and 
practice of virtue and religion be spread from the rivers to the ends of 
the earth. To this end, we pray Thee, fill the minds and hearts of 
people and rulers with a just sense of their dependence on Thy ap- 
proving smiles. Banish from our public counsels, venality and cor- 
ruption, and let truth, justice, and righteousness constitute the basis of 
our laws and policies. And hasten the happy time when man shall no 
more prey upon man, when wars shall cease, and when all unruly pas- 
sions and bad dispositions shall yield to the amiable virtues and unof- 
fending dispositions inculcated by the Author of our holy Christianity. 
Teach us to know and realize that " righteousness exalteth a nation, but 
sin is a reproach unto any people." 

O Lord ! we beseech Thee, bless the President and Congress of the 
United States, the governors and legislatures of the several States, the 
mayor and councils of this city, and the authorities of all the cities of 
our land. Give them grace to rule in equity and righteousness, and 
when they lack wisdom, incline their hearts to seek it of God, who 
giveth liberally and upbraideth not. Bless these commissioners and 
delegates, who have come from remote sections to this birth-place of 
American independence, to devise measures for the suitable commemo- 



28 KEPORT OF THE U. S. CENTENNIAL COMMISSION. 

ration of its approaching centennial anniversary ; grant them a frater- 
nal interchange of sentiment and opinion, conducing to a successful 
and profitable jubilee. Whilst among us, on this mission of patriotic 
duty, shield them from all harm and peril, watch over their loved ones 
at home ; be Thou the friend and helper of us all. This, our prayer, O 
merciful God ! hear and answer through the merits and intervention of 
Jesus Christ, our Saviour. Amen. 

Mr. Lowry, of Iowa, moved that a committee of five be appointed as 
a committee on credentials ; which was agreed to. 

Mr. Morrell, of Pennsylvania, moved that a committee of seven be 
appointed on permanent organization ; which was agreed to. 

Mr. Smith, of Georgia, moved that a committee of five be appointed 
on by-laws ; which was agreed to. 

The chairman then announced that he had made the following 
appointments of committees : 

Committee on credentials — Eobert Lowry, of Iowa ; Orestes Cleveland, 
of New Jersey; Daniel J. Morrell, of Pennsylvania 5 William Henry 
Parsons, of Texas ; Joshua Nye, of Maine. 

Committee on permanent organization — John L. Campbell, of Indiana ; 
George H. Corliss, of Ehode Island ; John Lynch, of Louisiana; Andrew 
J. Sweeney, of West Virginia ; John Dunbar Creigh, of California ; 
Charles H. Marshall, of New York ; William P. Prosser, of Tennessee. 

Committee on by-laivs — Lewis Wain Smith, of Georgia ; James Birney, 
of Michigan; Eobert H. Lamborn, of Wyoming; Henry Probasco, of 
Ohio 5 J. Marshall Paul, of Colorado. 

Mr. Parsons, of Texas, moved that when we adjourn we adjourn to 
meet in this chamber to-morrow morning at 10 o'clock. 

Mr. Sweeney, of West Virginia, moved to amend the motion by 
striking out the words " ten o'clock," and inserting in their place the 
words "nine o'clock;" which was not ageeed to. 

The original motion was then agreed to. 

On motion, the commission adjourned. 

Common Council Chamber, 

Philadelphia, March 5, 1872. 

The commissioners met this morning at 10 o'clock, in common council 
chamber, pursuant to adjournment. 

In addition to the commissioners who were present yesterday, Mr. 
Asa Packer, alternate commissioner of Pennsylvania, took his seat in 
the commission. 

The minutes of the previous meeting were read and approved. 

Mr. Lowry, of Iowa, chairman of the committee on credentials, sub- 
mitted the following report, to wit : 

COMMISSIONERS PRESENT. , 

Alabama — William M. Byrd, commissioner. 

California — John Dunbar Creigh, commissioner. 

Colorado — J. Marshall Paul, commissioner. 

Connecticut — Joseph E. Hawley, commissioner; William P. Blake, 
alternate commissioner. 

Dakota — George A. Batchelder, commissioner ; Solomon L. Spink, 
alternate commissioner. 

District of Columbia — James E. Dexter, commissioner. 

Georgia — Lewis Wain Smith, alternate commissioner. 



SECTION II FIRST MEETING IN PHILADELPHIA. 29 

Indiana — John L. Campbell, commissioner; David M. Boyd, jr., 
alternate commissioner. 

Iowa — Robert Lowry, commissioner. 

Louisiana — John Lynch, commissioner. 

Maine — Joshua Nye, commissioner. 

Michigan — James Birney, commissioner. 

Nebraska — Henry S. Moody, commissioner. 

New Jersey — Orestes Cleveland, commissioner. 

New York — Charles H. Marshall, alternate commissioner. 

Ohio — Henry Probasco, commissioner. 

Pennsylvania— Daniel J. Morrell, commissioner ; Asa Packer, alter- 
nate commissioner. 

Rhode Island — George H. Corliss, commissioner. 

Tennessee — William F. Prosser, alternate commissioner. 

Texas — William Henry Parsons, commissioner. 

Utah — John H. Wickizer, commissioner. 

Vermont — John N. Baxter, commissioner. 

Virginia — Walter W. Wood, commissioner. 

West Virginia — Andrew J. Sweeney, alternate commissioner. 

Wisconsin — David Atwood, commissioner. 

Wyoming — Robert H. Lamborn, alternate commissioner. 

The committee recommend that alternates be respectfully invited to 
take seats in the commission, but not to participate in the proceedings, 
unless in the absence of the commissioner. 

The following States and Territories are not represented : Arizona, 
Arkansas, Delaware, Florida, Idaho, Kansas, Maryland, Massachusetts, 
Minnesota, Mississippi, Montana, Nevada, New Hampshire, New Mexico, 
North Carolina, Oregon, South Carolina, Washington Territory. 

We will report further, on the arrival of commissioners. 

ROBERT LOWRY, 

Chairman. 

Which was read and accepted. 

Mr. Lowry, of Iowa, offered the following, to wit : 

Resolved, That the proceedings of the commissioners be opened by 
prayer, and that the president be requested to invite a clergyman of this 
city to perform that service. 

Which was read and adopted. 

Mr. Campbell, of Indiana, chairman of the committee on permanent 
organization, reported verbally that the committee had not yet com- 
pleted their labors, and requested further time ; which was granted. 

Mr. Smith, of Georgia, chairman of the committee on by-laws, re- 
ported progress, and asked for further time. 

The report was accepted and the request granted. 

The chairman submitted a communication from the Historical Society 
of Pennsylvania, J. Ross Snowden, chairman, inviting the commissioners 
to visit the rooms and hall of their society. 

Also, a communication from Hon. James Pollock, Director of the 
United States Mint, inviting the commissioners to visit the United States 
Mint in this city. 
Which having been severally read, 

Mr. Hawley, of Connecticut, moved that the secretary be authorized 
to acknowledge the receipt of the communications, and to extend the 
thanks of the commission, with the information, that if time shall permit, 
the commissioners will avail themselves of the courtesies offered j which 
was agreed to. 
Mr. Cleveland, of New Jersey, moved that when we adjourn we ad- 



30 EEPORT OF THE U. S. CENTENNIAL COMMISSION. 

journ to meet at the rooms of the commission, at the Continental Hotel,, 
to act as in committee of the whole for conference, and to reconvene in 
public session at the call of the chairman • which was agreed to. 
On motion, adjourned. 

Common Council Chamber, 

Philadelphia, March 6, 1872. 
The commissioners met this afternoon at 4 o'clock, pursuant to the 
call of the chairman. 
The minutes of the last meeting were read and adopted. 
Mr. Lowry, of Iowa, chairman of the committee on credentials, submit- 
ted the following official list of the commissioners appointed to date, as 
appears from the records of the Department of State, at Washington, 
to wit : 

Department of State, 
Washington, March 1, 1872. 
Sir : In compliance with the request contained in your letter of the 
29th ultimo, I inclose herewith a list of all the commissioners appointed 
to date, to represent the States and Territories at the centennial anni- 
versary of American Independence, to be held in Philadelphia, Penn- 
sylvania, in 1876, with their residences, so far as the Department has 
been informed. 

I am, sir, your obedient servant. 

HAMILTON FISH. 
John L. Shoemaker, Esq., 

Chairman of the Philadelphia Centennial Committee, 

611 Vine street, Philadelphia. 



Commissioners appointed to organize and perfect an international exhibition 
and commemorative ceremonies for the celebration of the centennial anni- 
versary of America independence, at the City of Philadelphia, in 1876. 

Alabama. — William M. Byrd, commissioner, Dallas County,* James 
L. Cooper, alternate, Madison County. 

ArJcansas. — E. W. Ganitt, commissioner, Alexander McDonald, alter- 
nate. 

California. — John Dunbar Creigh, commissioner, San Francisco* John 
Middleton, alternate. 

Connecticut. — Joseph R. Hawley, commissioner, Hartford ; William 
P. Blake, alternate, New Haven. 

Delaware. — William T. Eead, commissioner, New Castle • John H. 
Rodney, alternate, New Castle. 

Florida. — J. S. Adams, commissioner, Jacksonville * J. T. Bernard, 
alternate, Tallahassee. 

Georgia. — Thomas Hardeman, jr., commissioner, Bibb County * Lewis 
Wain Smith, alternate, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. 

Indiana. — John L. Campbell, commissioner, Crawford sville * David 
M. Boyd, jr., alternate. 

loiva.— Robert Lowry, commissioner, Davenport : Coker F. Clark- 
son, alternate, Grundy County. 

Kansas. — John A. Martin, commissioner, Atchison • George A. Craw- 
ford, alternate, Fort Scott. 

Louisiana. — John Lynch, commissioner* Thomas C. Anderson, al- 
ternate. 



SECTION II FIRST MEETING IN PHILADELPHIA. 31 

Maine. — Joshua Nye, commissioner, Augusta ; Charles P. Kimball, 
alternate, Portland. 

Maryland. — Wm. Prescott Smith, commissioner, Baltimore ; John W. 
Davis, alternate. 

Massachusetts. — J. Wiley Edmands, commissioner, Newton; Win. B. 
Spooner, alternate, Boston. 

Michigan. — James Birney, commissioner, Bay City ; Cladius B. Grant, 
alternate, Ann Arbor. 

Minnesota. — J. Fletcher Williams, commissioner, St. Paul ; W. W. 
Folwell, alternate, St. Anthony. 

Mississippi. — O. C. French, commissioner, Jackson. 

Nebraska. — Henry S. Moody, commissioner, Omaha ; E. W. Furnas, 
alternate, Brownville. 

Nevada. — W. W. McCoy, commissioner 

New Hampshire. — Ezekiel A. Straw, commissioner, Manchester; Asa 
P. Cate, alternate, North field. 

New Jersey. — Orestes Cleveland, commissioner, Jersey City ; John G. 
Stevens, alternate, Mercer County. 

New York. — John V. L. Pruyn, commissioner, Albany ; Charles H. 
Marshall, alternate, New York City. 

North Carolina. — Alfred Dockery, commissioner, Eockingham, Eich- 
mond County; J. W. Albertson, alternate, Hartford, Perquimons 
County. 

Ohio. — Henry Probasco, commissioner, Cincinnati ; Wilson W. Grif- 
fith, alternate, Toledo. 

Oregon. — J. W. Virtue, commissioner, Baker City; A. J. Dufur, 
alternate, Portland. 

Pennsylvania. — Daniel J. Morrell, commissioner, Johnstown; Asa 
Packer, alternate, Mauch Chunk. 

Rhode Island. — George H. Corliss, commissioner, Providence ; Samuel 
Powel, alternate, Newport. 

South Carolina. — James L. Orr, commissioner, Anderson ; Archibald 
Cameron, alternate, Charleston. 

Tennessee. — Thomas H. Coldwell, commissioner, Bedford County ; 
William F. Prosser, alternate, Davidson County. 

Texas. — William Henery Parsons, commissioner, Houston. 

Vermont. — John N. Baxter, commissioner, Eutland; Henry Chase, 
alternate, Lyndon. 

Virginia. — Walter W. Wood, commissioner. 

West Virginia. — Alexander E. Boteler, commissioner, Shepherdstown ; 
Andrew J. Sweeney, alternate, Wheeling. 

Wisconsin. — David Atwood, commissioner, Madison ; E. D. Holton, 
alternate, Milwaukee. 

Arizona. — Eichard C. McCormick, commissioner, Tucson ; John Was- 
son, alternate, Tucson. 

Colorado. — J. Marshall Paul, commissioner, Fair Play, Park County; 
N. C. Meeker, alternate, Greeley, Weld County. 

Dakota. — George Alex. Batchelder, commissioner ; Solomon L. Spink, 
alternate. 

Idaho. — Thomas Donaldson, commissioner; James S. Eeynolds, 
alternate. 

Montana. — Wm. H. Claggett, commissioner; Henry L. Warren, 
alternate. 

New Mexico. — Eldridge W. Little, commissioner, Santa Fe. 

Utah. — John H. Wickizer, commissioner, Salt Lake City ; William H. 
Pitts, alternate. 



32 REPORT OF THE U. S. CENTENNIAL COMMISSION. 

Washington Territory. — Elwood Evans, commissioner, Olympian- 
Alexander S. Abernethy, alternate, Cowlitz County. 

Wyoming. — H. Latham, commissioner, Laramie City ; Eobert H. Lam- 
born, alternate. 

District of Columbia. — James E. Dexter, commissioner, Lawrence A. 
Gobright, alternate, Washington. 

Which was read, and laid on the table. 

Also, reported that Mr. O. C. French, commissioner from Mississippi, 
had arrived since the last meeting, and submitted to the committee his 
credentials ; which was accepted. 

The roll of the commission was then called, and the following members 
answered to their names, to-wit : 

Alabama — William M. Byrd, commissioner. 

California — John Dunbar Creigh, commissioner. 

Colorado — J. Marshal Paul, commissioner. 

Dakota — George Alex. Batchelder, commissioner. 

District of Columbia — James E. Dexter, commissioner. 

Georgia — Lewis Wain Smith, alternate. 

Indiana — John L. Campbell, commissioner. 

Iowa — Eobert Lowry, commissioner. 

Louisiana— John Lynch, commissioner. 

Maine — Joshua Nye, commissioner. 

Michigan— James Birney, commissioner. 

Mississippi — O. C. French, commissioner. 

Nebraska — Henry S. Moody, commissioner. 

New Jersey — Orestes Cleveland, commissioner. 

New York — Chas. H. Marshall, alternate. 

Ohio — Henry Probasco, commissioner. 

Pennsylvania — Daniel J. Morrell, commissioner. 

Ehode Island — George H. Corliss, commissioner. 

Tennessee — William F. Prosser, alternate. 

Texas — William Henry Parsons, commissioner. 

Utah — John H. Wickizer, commissioner. 

Vermont — John N. Baxter, commissioner. 

Virginia — Walter W. Wood, commissioner. 

West Virginia — Andrew J. Sweeney, alternate. 

Wisconsin — David Atwood, commissioner. 

Wyoming — Eobert H. Lamborn, alternate. 

The chairman submitted a communication from Porter & Coates, 
publishers, booksellers, and importers, of Philadelphia, inviting mem- 
bers of the commission to view their painting of " The Battle of Getty s 
burg, 77 their art gallery, and the Washington family bible. 

Also a communication from the president of the common couucil of 
Philadelphia, inviting the commission to be present at the stated meet- 
ing of councils on Thursday next, at 3 o'clock, p. m. 

Which were severally read, and the invitations accepted. 

Also a communication from the Union League of Philadelphia, invit- 
ing the commission to visit their house, on this evening, at 8 J o'clock. 

Which having been read, 

Mr. Cleveland, of New Jersey, moved that the invitation be accepted, 
with the thanks of the commission ; which was unanimously agreed to. 

Also a communication from Joseph Leeds, esq., of Philadelphia, in- 
forming the commission of the appointment of a committee of seven 
citizens of Philadelphia, relative to improving Independence Square, 
and the erection of appropriate monuments therein, and requesting a 
conference with the commission. 



SECTION II FIRST MEETING IN PHILADELPHIA. 33 

Which having been read, 

Mr. Lynch, of Louisiana, moved that the communication be referred 
to the appropriate committee when appointed ; which was agreed to. 

Mr. Lewis Wain Smith, of Georgia, chairman of the committee on 
by-laws, submitted the following report, to- wit:* 

Mr. Byrd, of Alabama, offered the following, to wit: 

Resolved, That we invite the authorities of the city of Philadel- 
phia and the centennial committee of this city, to the privileges of seats 
on the floor of this chamber, during the sessions of the commission. 

Which was read, aud unanimously adopted. 

Mr. Campbell, of Indiana, chairman of the committee on permanent 
organization, submitted the following report, to wit : 

The committee on permanent organization beg leave respectfully to 
report the following gentlemen to serve as officers of the Centennial 
Commission: 

For president. — Hon. Joseph E. Hawley, commissioner from Connec- 
ticut. 

For vice-presidents. — Hon. Orestes Cleveland, commissioner from New 
Jersey ; Hon. Henry Probasco, commissioner from Ohio ; Hon. William 
M. Byrd, commissioner from Alabama; Hon. John Dunbar Creigh, 
commissioner from California; Hon. Robert Lowry, commissioner from 
Iowa. 

For temporary secretary. — Hon. Lewis Wain Smith, alternate com- 
missioner from Georgia. 

All of which is respectfully submitted. 

JOHN L. CAMPBELL, 

Chairman, 

Which having been read, 

Mr. Morrell, of Pennsylvania, moved that the report be adopted ; 
which was unanimously agreed to. 

Mr.'Birney, of Michigan, moved that a committee of three be appointed 
to wait upon the president elect and conduct him to the chair; which 
was agreed to. 

The chairman appointed Mr. Birney, of Michigan, Mr. Cleveland, of 
New Jersey, and Mr. Morrell, of Pennsylvania, as the committee. 

The committee thereupon retired, and after some time returned, es- 
corting the president-elect to the hall. 

Mr. Atwood, of Wisconsin, the chairman, on receiving the president- 
elect, spoke as follows : 

Gentlemen of the Commission : # Through your kind partiality I 
was called to preside temporarily over this distinguished body ; through 
your great indulgence my duties have been made exceedingly easy and 
pleasant ; through your excellent judgment in the selection of a perma- 
nent presiding officer, you have made my last duty more pleasant than 
all the rest. I have the pleasure of introducing to you General Joseph 
R. Hawley, of Connecticut, as your permanent president. 

Mr. Lewis Wain Smith, of Georgia, having been elected secretary pro 
tempore, by the adoption of the report of the committee on permanent 
organization, upon assuming the duties of the position said : 

Mr. President : Before entering on the duties of temporary secretary 
I desire to return my hearty thanks for the honor you have done me — 
an honor at once unexpected and unsolicited. I shall endeavor faith- 
fully to discharge the responsibilities of the office ; but I desire to say 

""Look under the head of by-laws, sec. 9, in this compilation for the report. 
H. Mis. 99 — r-3 



34 REPORT OF THE U S. CENTENNIAL COMMISSION. 

that my professional engagements are such that my selection must be 
considered as purely temporary, and that as soon as the duties of sec- 
retary become arduous, the commission will relieve me by the selection 
of a permanent successor. 

Mr. Lowry, of Iowa, offered the following, to wit : 

Resolved, That the sincere thanks of this commission be tendered to 
the Hon. David Atwood, for the able, courteous, and impartial manner 
in which he has discharged the duties of temporary chairman. 

Which was read and unanimously adopted. 

Mr. Marshall, of New York, offered the following, to wit: 

Resolved, That this commission do offer its thanks to the Hon. John 
N. Baxter, for his acceptance of the office of temporary secretary, the 
duties of which have been performed by him with the utmost zeal and 
ability. 

Which was read and unanimously adopted. 

The president then announced tbat he had appointed the following 
members as the executive committee under the by-laws, to wit: Daniel 
J. Morrell, of Pennsylvania ; William Prescott Smith, of Baltimore ; J. 
Y. L. Pruyn, of New York ; George H. Corliss, of Rhode Island ; John 
G. Stevens, of New Jersey; James L. Orr, of South Carolina; Walter 
W. Wood, of Yirginia. 

Mr. Creigh, of California, moved that the appointment of the mem- 
bers of the executive committee, as made by the president, be confirmed. 

Mr. Lowry, of Iowa, moved that the subject be referred to the com- 
mittee of the whole ; which was agreed to. 

Mr. Sweeney, of West Yirginia, offered the following, to wit: 

Resolved, That the president of this commission be, and is hereby, au- 
thorized to arrange the conference required by the second section of the 
act of Congress constituting this body, "for the selection of a suitable 
site where the exhibition shall be held," and for such other purposes as 
may be deemed of interest to the objects of this commission. 

Which was read and agreed to. 

Mr. Atwood, of Wisconsin, offered the following, to wit : 

Resolved, That a committee of five be appointed by the president to 
ask such further legislation, both national and State, as will be neces- 
sary to enable this commission to accomplish the end for which it was 
created, and as will secure harmony in the action of national and State 
authorities. 

Which was read and agreed to. 

Mr. Wood, of Yirginia, moved that when we adjourn we adjourn to 
meet at 11 o'clock to-morrow morning, in this chamber; which was 
agreed to. 

On motion, the commission adjourned. 



Common Council Chamber, 

Philadelphia, March 7, 1872. 

The Commission met at 11 o'clock a. m., pursuant to adjournment. 

The roll was called, and the following members answered to their 
names, to wit : 

Alabama — William M. Byrd, commissioner. 

California — John Dunbar Creigh, commissioner. 

Colorado — J. Marshall Paul, commissioner. 

Connecticut — Joseph R. Hawley, commissioner; William P. Blake, 
alternate. 



SECTION II FIRST MEETING IN PHILADELPHIA. 35 

Dakota — George Alex. Batchelder, commissioner; Solomon L. Spink, 
alternate. 

District of Columbia — James E. Dexter, commissioner. 

Georgia — Lewis Wain Smith, alternate. 

Indiana — John L. Campbell, commissioner; David M. Boyd, jr., alter- 
nate. 

Iowa — Robert Lowry, commissioner. 

Louisiana — John Lynch, commissioner. 

Maine — Joshua Nye, commissioner. 

Michigan — James Birney, commissioner. 

Mississippi — O. C. French, commissioner. 

Nebraska. — Henry S. Moody, commissioner. 

New Jersey — Orestes Cleveland, commissioner. 

New York — Chas. H. Marshall, alternate. 

Pennsylvania— Daniel J. Morrell, commissioner ; Asa Packer, alter- 
nate. 

Rhode Island — George H. Corliss, commissioner. 

Tennessee — William F. Prosser, alternate. 

Utah — John H. Wickizer, commissioner. 

Vermont — John N. Baxter, commissioner. 

Virginia — Walter W. W 7 ood, commissioner. 

West Virginia — Andrew J. Sweeney, alternate. 

Wisconsin — David Atwood, commissioner. 

Wyoming — Robert H. Lamborn, alternate. 

The minutes of the last meeting were read and approved. 

Mr. Byrd, of Alabama, offered the following resolution, to wit : 

Resolved, That all reporters for, and correspondents of, the press are 
invited to seats on the floor of the hall during the sessions of the Com- 
mission. 

Which was read, and agreed to. 

The President announced that, after consultation with members of 
the Commission, since the meeting of the Commission yesterday, and 
giving the subject a careful consideration, he had modified his appoint- 
ments on the executive committee, so that the committee would now 
be: 

Executive Committee. — Daniel J. Morrell, Johnstown, Pennsylvania ; 
John V. L. Pruyn, Albany, New York ; George H. Corliss, Providence, 
Rhode Island ; William Prescott Smith, Baltimore, Maryland ; John 
Lynch, New Orleans, Louisiana; John G. Stevens, Trenton, New Jersey; 
Walter W. Wood, Virginia. 

Mr. Cleveland, of New Jersey, moved that the executive committee, 
as appointed by the president, be confirmed ; which was agreed to. 

The president then announced the appointments of the other commit- 
tees as follows : 

Committee on Tariff's and Transportation. — O. C. French, Jackson, 
Mississippi ; David M. Boyd, jr., Indiana ; Charles M. Marshall, New 
York City; Joshua Nye, Augusta, Maine; Andrew J. Sweeney, Wheeling, 
West Virginia ; William F. Prosser, Nashville, Tennessee ; John H. 
Wickizer, Salt Lake City, Utah. 

Committee on Finance. — J. Wiley Edmands, Boston, Massachusetts ; 
Asa Packer, Mauch Chunk, Pennsyvania ; Samuel Powell, Newport, 
Rhode Island; James Birney, Bay City, Michigan; J. Marshall Paul, Fair 
Play, Colorado. 

Committee on Plans and Architecture. — Henry Probasco, Cincinnati, 
Ohio ; William Henry Parsons, Houston, Texas ; John N. Baxter, Rut- 
land, Vermont; E. A. Straw,Manchester,New Hampshire; David Atwood, 



36 REPORT OF THE U. S. CENTENNIAL COMMISSION. 

Madison, Wisconsin ; William T. Read, Delaware ; George A. Batclielder, 
Dakota. 

Committee on Opening Services. — James L. Orr, South Carolina ; Rich- 
ard G. McCorinick, Arizona; Henry S. Moody, Nebraska ; Samuel Powell, 
Newport, Rhode Island ; Wilson W. Griffith, Ohio. 

Committee on Foreign Affairs. — John L. Campbell, Indiana ; John G. 
Stevens, New Jersey; Robert H. Lamborn, Wyoming; John V. L. Pruyn, 
New York; Lewis Wain Smith, Georgia. 

Committee on Legislation. — David Atwood, Wisconsin ; Orestes Cleve- 
land, New Jersey ; William M. Byrd, Selma, Alabama ; William F. 
Prosser, Nashville, Tennessee; James E. Dexter, Washington, D. C. 

Mr. Wickizer, of Utah, moved that the committee on legislation be 
increased from five to seven members ; which was agreed to. 

The president appointed Mr. Spink, of Dakota, and Mr. Clagett, of 
Montana, as additional members of that committee. 

Mr. Lowry, of Iowa, offered the following, to wit : 

Resolved, That a standing committee on agriculture, consisting of 
thirteen commissioners, be appointed by the president. 

Which having been read, 

Mr. Campbell, of Indiana, moved that the resolution be referred to 
the committee of the whole ; which was agreed to. 

The president submitted a communication from Walter Allison, of 
the Carpenters' Company of Philadelphia, inviting the commissioners to 
visit Carpenters' Hall. 

Which having been read, 

Mr. Morrell, of Pennsylvania, moved that the invitation be accepted, 
and that the Commission will proceed to the hall immediately upon the 
adjournment of this meeting ; which was agreed to. 

Also, submitted an invitation to the commissioners to meet the Presi- 
dent of the United States at the residence of George W. Childs, esq., on 
Saturday next, at 12 o'clock, noon. 

Which having been read, 

Mr. Cleveland, of New Jersey, moved that the invitation be accepted ; 
which was agreed to. 

The president also stated that the committee of the councils of Phila- 
delphia, on the Centennial Anniversary, had invited the Commission to 
visit the Fairmount Park to-morrow morning, leaving the hotel at 10 
o'clock. 

Mr. Cleveland, of New Jersey, moved that the invitation be accepted ; 
which was agreed to. 

William P. Blake, alternate commissioner of Connecticut, pursuant to 
the resolution of request adopted yesterday, delivered the following 
address* upon previous International Expositions. 



SECTION 2a, 
SITE OF THE EXHIBITION— FAIRMOUNT PARK. 



March 11, 1872. 



Mr. Atwood, of Wisconsin, offered the following, to wit : 

Whereas a conference has been had with the authorities of the city of 

* Look under the heading of " General purposes and scope of the Centennial Ex- 
hibition," sec. 3 of this compilation. 



SECTION III — GENERAL PURPOSES, ETC. 37 



Philadelphia, (including the Park Commissioners,) in accordance with 
the second section of the act creating this Commission, in regard to the 
site for the exhibition : Be it, therefore, 

Resolved, That the site for holding the International Exhibition in 
1876 be fixed at Fairmount Park, within the corporate limits of the city 
of Philadelphia. 

Which having been read, 

The resolution was unanimously adopted. 

The preamble was agreed to. 



SECTION 3. 

general purposes and scope of the centennial exhibition. 

March 6, 1872. 
Mr. Hawley, of Connecticut, the president elect, on taking the chair, 
addressed the convention as follows : 

Gentlemen of the Centennial Commission: When you were 
considering the choice of a president of your body in committee of the 
whole, in the last informal, ballot I gave my vote and my voice for the 
Hon. Daniel J. Morrell, and had the honor to move the unanimous nomi- 
nation, which was so heartily carried. It was an election eminently fit to 
be made. Mr. Morrell was the early friend of this enterprise in Con- 
gress, and as a private citizen. In the vast industrial establishment he 
conducts he offers us a splendid example of American labor, capital, 
and genuis, and manifests the executive ability you desire in the office in 
question. I was painfully surprised when he declined the position, and 
your choice fell upon me. His reasons were stronger than any I can 
offer, and 1 cannot refuse to serve you, at least for a time. I return you 
my profound thanks for the honor, while confessing that a sense of the 
responsibility it carries subdues the pride I would otherwise feel. 

These brief and hasty remarks cannot set forth justly the purposes 
of our organization. But, indeed, they are quite weirunderstood. As 
the centennial anniversary of American Independence approaches, many 
voices and pens, in many localities, expressing the spontaneous desire of 
the people, suggest the propriety of a celebration of due magnitude and 
solemnity ; and it is in full accord with the best spirit of the age that 
the celebration should take the form of "an international exhibition of 
our manufactures and products of the soil and mine," in the words of 
the act of Congress of March 3, 1871. That act provides for such an 
exhibition in Philadelphia in the year 18 70. 

Upon the nomination of the governor of each State or Territory, the 
President was authorized to appoint a commissioner and an alternate 
commissioner from such State or Territory. All but three States have 
complied with the act, and a majority of the commissioners have ap- 
peared, many others taking care to signify to us their warm desire to 
co-operate zealously. The commissioners are instructed to report to 
Congress a suitable date and appropriate ceremonies for opening, dedi- 
cating, and closing the exhibition ; a plan or plans of the building ; a 
complete plan for the reception and classification of articles intended 
for exhibition ; the requisite custom-house regulations for the introduc- 
tion into this country of the articles from foreign countries intended for 
exhibition, and such other matters as, in their judgment, may be im- 
portant. Whenever the President shall have been informed by the 



38 REPORT OF THE U. S. CENTENNIAL COMMISSION. 

Governor of Pennsylvania that provision has been made for the erection 
of suitable buildings for the purpose, and for exclusive control by the 
commission, it is made the duty of the President, through the Secretary 
of State, to make proclamation of the same, setting forth the time at 
which the exhibition will open and the place at which it will be held, 
and to furnish copies of the proclamation and the regulations of the 
commissioners to the representatives of foreign countries. 

That there will be a formal National Celebration of the Centennial 
Anniversary there is no doubt. That, as a part or accompaniment 
thereof, there will be a grand International Exhibition, is equally certain. 
That it is a vast labor is obvious, without reflection. Some of this labor 
is to be expended upon the removal of preliminary obstacles that are 
not properly inherent in the task itself. The financial question meets 
us at the outset, and I refer to it carefully but frankly. I have seen 
enough of this body of men in three days to know that, while you rep- 
resent the extreme and widely separated parts of the Union, and their 
diverse pursuits and interests, and all the political beliefs that have 
shaken the nation, you are in this matter enthusiastically of one 
mind and sipirit. I can use no language too serious and vigorous in 
assuring the public that this is to be, in every true and satisfactory sense 
of the word, a great National and International Exhibition. If we err at 
any time, we shall listen attentively to correction ; if the burden grows 
too heavy for any, he will call in others of the many who are ready to 
take our places — but the work must go on. 

The act of Congress provides that the " United States shall not be 
liable for any expenses attending such exhibition or by reason of the 
same." Should the National Government adhere strictly to this purpose, 
the requisite resources must be found in the voluntary contributions of 
citizens or in the appropriations of the several States, or of Pennsylva- 
nia alone. To that end some other and further organization may be 
necessary ; but its incorporation will undoubtedly be sought at the hands 
of the National Legislature, and the general control, to insure a broad 
national spirit and conduct, will be retained in the hands of men of all 
the States. If at any time we should appear to be largely dependent 
upon local support, it will be only because such local aid is tendered in 
the spirit that must animate a national enterprise. With these assur- 
ances, to the press and to the public it reaches, we entreat for the cele- 
bration and exhibition the steady, thoughtful, trustful, and enthusiastic 
co-operation of the whole country. 

Grand national exhibitions are no longer a novelty. Napoleon, re- 
turning from his Italian campaign, projected the first held under national 
auspices. He originated the idea, and with it the jury system and 
methods of classification and administration which have continued to 
this day. From that time the French government has made it a high 
duty to introduce new industries and encourage the old. The national 
industrial expositions held at Paris in 1802, 1806, 1819, 1823, 1827, 1834, 
1839, 1844, and 1849, were of constantly increasing proportions, and 
gave incontrovertible evidence, not alone of the industrial progress of 
France, but of their very great influence in stimulating progress in all 
countries. The Industrial Exhibition or World's Fair of London fol- 
lowed, in 1851, making an era in the history of these gatherings, leading 
to others of similar magnificence and proving itself a great benefit to 
the world. The admirable exhibition in New York, in 1853, came next. 
France adopted the international plan in 1855, England renewed the 
work in 1862, and France in 1867 gave the last. 

On these great occasions civilization halts a moment, and " takes in- 



SECTION III GENERAL PURPOSES, ETC. 39 

ventory'' of her resources and measures her progress. Their influence 
is wide-spread. At each the competing nations have been often flat- 
tered by success, but as often pained by the proof of lost ground, and 
each has always learned much. They honor labor, harmonize labor and 
capital, fraternize nations, better the world. It is impossible, even if it 
were intended, to manage them in the interest of a class ; they are mag- 
nificently democratic, whoever conducts them. Ours will be held under 
unprecedented circumstances. We are to exhibit the past in contrast 
with the present ; to take measure of the growth of a free nation from 
three to forty millions, in the most wonderful century of the world's 
history. The subject enlarges in our imagination and warms our blood. 
Let us glorify even the drudgeries of our work by reflecting upon both 
its beauties and its uses. 

March C, 1872. 
Mr. Prosser, of Tennessee, offered the following, to wit : 

Resolved, That Hon. William P. Blake, alternate commissioner of 
Connecticut, be invited to address the commission to-morrow, at 12 
o'clock, upon the objects, purposes, plan of organization, general suc- 
cess, and defects of the World's Fair of New York in 1853, and of the 
Paris Exposition of 1867. 

Which was read and adopted. 

March 7, 1872. 
William P. Blake, alternate commissioner of Connecticut, pursuant 
to a resolution of request adopted the day before, delivered the follow- 
ing address: 

Mr. President and Gentlemen of the Commission : You have 
requested me to address you upon the objects and purposes, plan of 
organization, general success and defects of the World's Fair in New 
York in 1853, and of the Paris Universal Exposition in 1867.* 

The objects and purposes of the two exhibitions named were very 
different, though both contributed to the same result — the advance- 
ment and diffusion of knowledge, the promotion of the interests of man- 
kind in all that relates* to their material well-being and to their intellec- 
tual and moral condition. The great and immediate functions of exhi- 
bitions are to stimulate and educate. They act, not only upon the in- 
dustrial classes, but upon all classes of men. They increase as well as 
diffuse knowledge. By bringing together and comparing the results of 
human effort, new germs of thought are planted, new ideas are awak- 
ened, and new inventions are born. They mark eras in industrial art, 
and give opportunities to compare the relative progress of nations. In 
their full scope and meaning they are by no means confined to the exhi- 
bition of natural and manufactured products, machines, and processes ; 
but they include all that illustrates the relations of men to each other 
and to the world in which we live, all products of human thought and 
activity in all the arts and all the sciences. 

Exhibitions have not always been instituted with such a breadth and 
scope. In many cases the hope of pecuniary profit has brought them 
forth. The grand financial success of the London exhibition of 1851 

*At the request of some of the members of the commission, I have added short 
notices of other international displays, believing it to be desirable to have as many- 
facts as possible, bearing upon the organization and results of expositions, brought 
together for convenience of comparison and reference. — W. P. B. 



40 EEPORT OF THE U. S. CENTENNIAL COMMISSION. 

aroused the attention of the speculative and enterprising in various 
capitals. Exhibitions were immediately proposed in Dublin, in France, 
and in the United States. The expectation of gain may be said to have 
been the origin of the 

NEW YORK WORLD'S PAIR OF 1853. 

It was started by a New York joint-stock company, and the prospec- 
tive dividends were " discounted • in the height of the excitement, 
leaving, in most cases, the burden of loss to be borne by second and 
third hands, not by the original projectors. There were some excep- 
tions. The objects were rather to secure a grand show, and to achieve 
a financial success, than to advance the higher interests of mankind. 

There was, however, an expression of a desire to make a more just and 
equally-sustained exposition of our resources, industry, and arts, than 
had recently been made at the London exhibition, and further, to give the 
masses in America an opportunity to see and compare the manifold 
productions and applications of the arts of design from abroad. Any 
desire to reproduce or imitate the London exhibition was disavowed j 
but the great aim was said to be " to draw forth such a representation 
of the world's industry and resources as would enable us to measure 
the strength and value of our own, while it indicated new aims for our 
enterprise and skill." 

New York was selected as the locality, for its advantages as a com- 
mercial center, and as the chief entrepot of European goods. A lease 
of Reservoir Square was obtained from the city, and in March, 1852, 
the legislature of New York granted a charter, under which the ''Asso- 
ciation for the Exhibition of the Industry of all Nations" was organized 
and carried forward.* The influence of the General Government was 
extended on behalf of the association, and the co-operation of European 
nations was solicited. The building was made a bonded warehouse, so 
that goods might be received and exhibited free of duty. Agents were 
sent abroad to secure desirable objects for exhibition, and to solicit the 
encouragement and support of foreign governments. 

But the organization of an international exhibition was a new under- 
taking in the United States. We lacked experience, and did not begin 
in time for such a great work. The breadth and the detail of the work 
essential to great exhibitions were not appreciated, nor were they suf- 
ficiently provided for at the outset. The general plan was not perfected 
sufficiently long before the time fixed for opening. The building was 
not completed in time. The installation was delayed, and disappoint- 
ment and confusion resulted. The administrative and executive force 
was found to be insufficient as the work of preparation progressed, and 
aid was eagerly sought in various directions. At the eleventh hour 
the executive control was given to two eminent naval officers. 

No sufficient provision was made in advance for the distribution of 
the labor of collecting and securing objects, products, and information. 
The formation of local committees in various parts of the country was 

* By the terms of the act, the issue of stock was limited to three hundred thousand 
dollars; hut it was afterward amended so as to permit an issue to the amount of half 
a million dollars. A call for subscriptions to the stock resulted in about one hundred 
and fifty persons and firms taking the first two hundred thousand dollars within a 
short time. The par value of the shares was $100, and they sold at one time for $175, 



SECTION III GENERAL PURPOSES, ETC. 41 

too long neglected,* and as the time approached for the opening, the 
proper material to form an exhibition was not forthcoming. The results 
were partial and unsatisfactory. It did not become a truly national 
exhibition. 

In the mineral department, for example, it was found that, although 
we might print circulars and applications in blank by thousands, and 
spread them broadcast through the mails, reaching the mining dis- 
tricts and metallurgical establishments, the responses were few and 
scanty. The producers of raw materials have no special pecuniary in- 
ducement to exhibit. It -is rarely that they appreciate their duty to the 
industrial arts and to the public in great exhibitions. It was, therefore, 
necessary in the case of the New York Exhibition, as it is in all exhibi- 
tions, to make special and direct efforts by competent persons, in order 
to secure a proper representation of the raw unmanufactured products 
of the country. 

UNMANUFACTURED PRODUCTS. 

In the Paris Exposition the display of raw and unmanufactured pro- 
ducts was superb, and was so chiefly because the production of these 
raw materials, which underlie the industrial development of a nation, is 
under the special care and patronage of the governments. Through the 
well-organized departments of agriculture, of mining, and of forestry in 
France, Belgium, Prussia, Austria, and other countries, very complete 
and effective displays were secured outside of the special contributions 
of great establishments. And here allow me to say that we may right- 
fully expect much from the intelligent co-operation of our own Depart- 
ment of Agriculture, and from State agricultural societies. But our 
mines receive little special care or patronage from the Government. 
The magnificent mineral domain of the United States is left to take care 
of itself. So of our forests. In these important departments, of which, 
in a young country like ours, other nations expect of right to see a very 
prominent display, we were deficient in 1853, and without care will be 
so again. 

The ownership of the New York crystal palace, by virtue of the trans- 
fer of the scrip, soon changed hands, and the directory was changed. 
One result of this was, that pledges made in good faith by the first pro- 
moters could not in all cases be redeemed. Many exhibitors suffered by 
loss and damage, and finally the structure was destroyed by fire. The 
combustible nature of the interior was one of the great defects of the 
construction. 

Although built chiefly of iron and glass, the floors, the ground floor 
and those of the galleries were of wood, and so also were the roofs, even 
to the dome. These roofs were of matched deal, covered with tin sheath- 
ing, except where pierced for light. Even the rafters were made of 
strips of wood between plates of iron. The frame-work was a system of 
iron columns and girders. The general plan of the building was in the 
shape of a Greek cross with a large dome in the center, but by build- 
ing a one-story lean-to in each angle of the cross, the plan upon the 
ground became octagonal, with two broad aisles or avenues crossing at 
right angles. The extent and shape of the ground at the disposal of the 

* The president of the association, Mr. Theodore Sedgwick, under date of 10th Novem- 
ber, 1852, announced the resolution to raise local committees in the principal manufac- 
turing and commercial centers of the United States. Such committees were formed in 
Boston, Connecticut, Saint Louis, New Orleans, Baltimore, in Pennsylvania, and in Ohio. 
Special committees were organized in Philadelphia and other cities, for the purpose of 
gathering together a proper collection of the ores and minerals of their respective sec- 
tions, and this work was in part paid for by the exhibition association. 



42 REPORT OF THE U. S. CENTENNIAL COMMISSION. 

association did not admit of using a rectangular building. The lot was 
only four hundred and forty-fi^e feet by four hundred and fifty -five feet 
square. The length of each diameter of the cross was three hundred 
and sixty -five feet five inches, and the width of the arms one hundred 
and forty-nine feet five inches. The dome was the chief architectural 
feature of the building. It was one hundred feet in diameter, and its 
height to the springing line nearly seventy feet, and to the crown of the 
arch one hundred and twenty-three feet. The interior of this dome was 
beautifully decorated with arabesques of white and blue, and by thirty- 
two stained-glass windows between the ribs. „Gas and water were sup- 
plied to every part of the structure, the latter being distributed with 
reference to use in case of fire. Over eighteen hundred tons of iron were 
required for the building, three hundred of which were wrought iron, 
and the remainder cast iron. Of glass, there were fifteen thousand 
panes, or fifty-five thousand square feet ; and of wood, seven hundred 
and fifty thousand feet, board-measure. The total area or floor space 
was about two hundred and fifty thousand feet, or five and three-fourths 
acres.* 

*In view of the importance of details of construction with reference to a plan for the 
building of 1876, I add the following : 

PRINCIPAL DIMENSIONS OF THE NEW YORK BUILDING. 

ft. in. 

From the principal floor to the gallery floor 24 

From the principal floor to the top of second tier of girders 44 4f 

From the principal floor to the top of third tier of girders 59 10 

From the principal floor to ridge of nave 67 4 

Erom the principal floor to top of bed-plate < 69 11 

From the principal floor to top of upper ring of dome 123 6 

From Sixth Avenue curb-stone to top of lantern 151 

From Sixth Avenue curb-stone to top of tower 76 9 

Area of first floor 157,195 square feet. 

Area of second floor 92,496 square feet. 



249,692 square feet, or 5f acres. 



There were, in addition to the main building, three entrance halls, each twenty- 
seven feet wide, and approached by flights of steps. The columns supporting the gal- 
leries divided the interior into two principal avenues or naves, each forty-one feet five 
inches wide, with aisles fifty-four feet wide. These aisles were still further divided by 
the rows of columns at right angles into square and half-square spaces, measuring 
twenty-seven feet on a side. There were one hundred and ninety cast-iron columns on 
the first floor, octagonal, eight inches in diameter, and twenty-one feet high. The sec- 
ond story had one hundred and forty-eight columns, seventeen feet seven inches high, 
rising above the others. These columns were connected by wrought and cast girders, 
the first forty feet nine inches long ; the second twenty-six feet four inches. Of these 
girders, which served to support the floors of the galleries as well as to brace and 
strengthen the building, there were two hundred and fifty-two, and one hundred 
and sixty on the upper columns under the roof. The dome was supported by twenty- 
four columns rising to a height of sixty-two feet above the principal floor, and sur- 
mounted by a cast-iron bed-plate, to which the cast-iron shoes for the ribs of the dome 
were bolted. These ribs were thirty-two in number, and made of two curves of double 
angle-iron, connected together by lattice-work. These ribs were secured at the top by 
a horizontal ring of wrought and cast iron, twenty feet in diameter, above which rose 
the lantern. 

The glass for this palace was one-eighth of an inch thick, and was enameled so as 
to keep out the direct rays of the sun, and prevent the great heat and glare which 
results in this climate when ordinary glass is used. This glass was made at the Jack- 
son Glass Works, in New York, and was enameled at Camptown, New Jersey. 

In order to secure uniformity in the castings, a pattern-shop was established in New 
York, and the patterns were supplied to the several establishments contracting for the 
manufacture of castings. 

The cost of the building was about $200,000, being about eighty cents per square 
foot of floor space, including galleries. 



SECTION 111 GENERAL PURPOSES, ETC. 43 

At each angle of the building there was an octagonal tower seventy- 
six feet high and eight feet in diameter. Twelve broad staircases con- 
nected the main floor with the gallery. It soon became evident that 
more space would be required than was afforded in the building, and an 
addition was made upon one side, in the form of a rectangular gallery, 
between the principal building and the reservoir. This addition was 
four hundred and fifty-one feet long and seventy-live wide. It was de- 
signed for the machinery in motion, the mineral department, and the 
refreshment saloons. 

In October, 1852, the mason-work was completed, the greater portion 
of the iron -work was contracted for, and a large part of the castings 
were delivered upon the ground. On the 30th of October the ceremony 
of raising the first column took place. It was then confidently expected 
that the official opening of the exhibition would take place at the specified 
time, May 2, but it was delayed until July 14, 1853. 

Among the designs submitted for the building was one by Sir Joseph 
Paxton, and presented by him to the association. The ground plan was 
a parallelogram, six hundred and fifty-three feet long and two hundred 
feet wide, covering, with an outer terrace, about three acres. Another 
plan proposed an amphitheater, one thousand two hundred feet in circum- 
ference, constructed of iron and glass, the patterns being such that the 
parts, when taken down, could be used again in building warehouses. 
The lamented Downing also presented a design for a colossal dome, to 
be built chiefly of wood and canvas, in such a manner as to combine 
lightness with strength. Another plan contemplated a great octagonal 
dome, supported by ribs made of bundles of gas-pipes, and still another 
plan proposed a building with a suspension roof. 

THE DUBLIN EXHIBITION. 

At the international exhibition held in Dublin the same year, 1853, 
the building was a series of parallel halls, costing £80,000. The number 
of season tickets sold was*366,745 ; of daily visitors, 634,523 ; and the 
receipts were £47,363. Ten thousand persons were present at the 
opening, May 12. 

THE GREAT EXHIBITION OF ALL NATIONS IN 1851. 

This, the most successful of all the great exhibitions, and which, as 
already stated, stimulated similar enterprises in various places, and par- 
ticularly the New York exhibition, was located in Hyde Park, upon about 
twenty acres of ground,originally selected for the purpose by Prince Albert. 
The building, of glass and iron, was designed by Sir Joseph Paxton, 
modified somewhat by the celebrated engineers Stephenson and Brunei. 
The ground plan was a parallelogram, with an arched transept across 
the center. The total superficial area was originally fixed at 800,000 
square feet, but it was afterward increased to 1,000,000 square feet, or 
more than twenty acres of ground. It was assumed that of this space 
Great Britain would occupy one-half, and foreign nations the other half. 

The total number of exhibitors was between 15,000 and 16,000 The 
payments on account of the buildings and fittings were £170,000, and, 
taking the net superficial area covered at 1,000,000 square feet, the cost 
per square foot was about 3s. 5d. The cost of the exhibition, including 
the maintenance, superintendence, medals, and legal expenses, was, the 
building included, about £292,795. The contract for the building did 
not, however, include more than its use for the time specified. It re- 



44 REPORT OF THE U. S. CENTENNIAL COMMISSION. 

mained, at the close of the exhibition, the property of the contractors, 
otherwise the cost to the exhibition commission would have been 
£100,000 greater. 

This exhibition was opened to the public on the first day of May, and 
was closed in the succeeding October, having been open for one hundred 
and forty-one days. The building was closed in the evenings, visitors 
being admitted during the day only. The total number of visitors for 
the whole period of the exhibition was 6,039,195. During the one hun- 
dred and forty-one days 773,766 entered with season tickets. The gross 
receipts from all sources were £506,100 pounds. The actual number of 
jurors was 318. Of these, 160 were British and 158 foreign, and they 
were assisted by 100 associate jurors. The total number of awards or 
prizes was 5,248. 

THE PATHS UNIVERSAL EXHIBITION OF 1855. 

This exhibition was projected and mainly executed by a commercial 
company organized in Paris : but it was managed and its financial suc- 
cess guaranteed by the French government. There were many separate 
buildings ; but the principal one was a permanent structure on the main 
avenue of the Champs Ely sees, and generally known as the Palais de 
PIndustrie. An annexe, four thousand feet long, on the bank of. the 
river Seine, was mainly devoted to the exhibition of machinery. A 
third building, at some distance from the others, was used for the fine- 
art department. Another building, known as the Panorama Kotunda, 
was used for the display of the crown jewels of France, for tapestries, 
carpets, &c. 

The total horizontal space occupied by all of the countries exhibiting 
in the industrial departments, including the passage-ways and public 
rooms, was 152,052 square meters, or about 1,770,000 square feet. 
About 2,000 square meters were covered in the fine arts division. 

The total number of exhibitors is stated at 23,954, of which 21,779 
were in the twenty-seven industrial classes, and 2,175 were in the three 
classes assigned to the fine arts. 

Thecostof this exhibition was 11,264,520 francs, equal to £450,580 16s., 
about $2,253,000. But this sum does not include the cost of the main 
edifice, the Palais de PIndustrie, a permanent structure, which is 
yet used by the government upon great occasions. If this had been 
included in the estimate of costs, this estimate would have been nearly 
doubled. On the basis of 169,691 square meters of space, or 1,866,000 
feet, and leaving out of consideration the cost of the Palais de Tln- 
dustrie, the cost per square foot was nearly 7s. 3d, or about |1.80. 

At this exhibition Great Britain expended £39,259. 

This exhibition continued for two hundred days, commencing in May. 
The total number of visitors was 5,162,330, and the total receipts were 
3,202,485 francs, or £128,099 Ss. sterling, about $640,496. The total 
number of jurors was 398, of whom 208 were assigned to France, and 
190 to foreign countries. 

INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION OP 1862. 

The buildings for this exhibition were erected at South Kensington, 
upon a portion of the estates acquired by the royal commission of the 
exhibition of 1851, out of the surplus fund of that exhibition and a 
parliamentary grant. 

The principal buildings covered about seventeen acres of ground, ex- 



SECTION III — GENERAL PURPOSES, ETC. 45 

elusive of two annexes covering about seven acres more, being in all 
about twenty-four acres. The shape was nearly rectangular, measuring 
about 1,200 feet from east to west, and 560 feet from north to south. The 
buildings, though solid and substantial in character, were afterwards 
removed, the site being required for national purposes. 

The total area of covered space was 1,291,800 square feet, of which 
147,700 square feet were devoted to refreshment rooms, offices, and pas- 
sage-ways. The total area roofed in was 988,000 square feet. One-half 
of the space was reserved for Great Britain, and the other half was as- 
signed to foreign countries. 

The number of exhibitors was 28,653, including 2,305 artists. The 
entire cost of the undertaking, in round numbers, was 66460,000. The 
contractors were to receive £200,000 absolutely, and an additional 
£10,000 if the receipts reached half a million. A guarantee fund of 
£250,000 was proposed, and the subscriptions reached nearly £450,000. 
Taking the total cost of the exhibition buildings at £321,000, and the 
total covered space at 1,292,000 square feet, the cost per square foot 
was nearly five shillings, or $1.25. The exhibition was opened May 1, 
and closed November 15, making a total time of 171 days during 
which visitors were admitted. The number of visitors reached nearly 
6,225,000, and the gross receipts from all sources were £459,631, in round 
numbers $2,298,155. The total number of jurors and associate jurors 
was 620, and the whole number of awards 13,423, of which 8,141 were 
in the form of medals, and 5,282 honorable mentions. No awards were 
made in the fine arts department. 

PARIS UNIVERSAL EXPOSITION OF 1867. 

The intention of the French government to have a grand interna- 
tional exhibition at Paris, in 1867, was announced as early as June, 
1863, but the appointment of a commission, and the designation of the 
time of opening and closing, was not published until June, 1865. An 
imperial decree of that date placed the work under the direction of an 
imperial commission of sixty members, of which the Prince Imperial 
was named president ; the minister of state, the minister of commerce 
and public works, the minister of the imperial household, vice-pres- 
idents, and M. Leplay, councillor of state, commissioner-general. 

Thus notice was given to the world four years in advance of the open- 
ing of the exhibition, affording, in most cases, ample time for prepara- 
tion. Our own government was officially notified in March, 1865, and 
Mr. Seward, then our Secretary of State, promptly pledged the co-ope- 
ration of our Government and people. 

The locality selected for the exhibition was the Champs de Mars, the 
great military parade ground, extending from the military school to 
the Seine, aud from the avenue Labourdonnaye to the avenue Suffren, 
forming a rectangle of 48 hectares, or 119 acres. To this was annexed 
the island of Billancourt, giving an additional area of 21 hectares, or 
52 acres ; making a total of 171 acres appropriated to the exposition. 

The Champs de Mars being the property of the government, aud free 
from constructions or improvements of any kind, was very suitable for 
the intended building, and withal was easy of access from the more 
thickly settled portions of the city. On one side flowed the Seine, and 
on the other a branch from the railway encircling the city gave the 
means of rapid transit to and from the building. 

The ground was given up by the government on the 23th of Septem- 
ber, 1865, and the first iron pillar of the building was raised on the 3d 



46 KEPORT OF THE U. S. CENTENNIAL COMMISSION. 

of April, 1866. At the end of the year the structure was comparatively 
ready for the exhibitors. 

There was much delay and backwardness, although such great efforts 
had everywhere been made to work up to the appointed dates. The 
opening took place as intended, though the building was not by any 
means in order. Many of the goods were in the packing-cases, and 
those that had been unpacked were not in all cases properly placed for 
exhibition, or for examination by the international jury. In the section 
appropriated to the United States, the placing of the products was about 
half finished 5 many of the objects intended for the exhibition were de- 
layed on the road between Paris and Havre, which had become clogged 
by the rapid accumulation of freight. Very little of the machinery was 
ready for movement in any section of the building. The contractors for 
transporting, carting, for carpenters' work, and for decoration were 
unable to finish their work in time, and they gave up to others, who, in 
their turn, broke down. It was impossible to make a complete cata- 
logue. The deliveries in many cases did not correspond with the in- 
voices, and in the haste and confusion there was no time to investigate 
or to correct errors. Considering the fact that the United States had 
at least two years' notice and opportunity for preparation, we are warned 
of what may be expected in 1876, unless much greater and more timely 
efforts are made. 

THE CLASSIFICATION. 

It should be remembered that this exhibition was four times as large 
as any which had preceded it, and that it was much more comprehen- 
sively organized. The classification was the most complete and perfect 
yet devised. It was the result of the careful study and the experience 
of former great international exhibitions, particularly those of 1851, 1855, 
and 1862. It compassed the whole range of natural and artificial pro- 
ducts, and gave a place to objects illustrating scientific or social pro- 
gress. The ten groups, as below, were subdivied into ninety-five classes, 
and they together form a very complete index of the industries of the 
world.* 

Group I. — Works of art, classes 1 to 5. 

Group II. — Apparatus and application of the liberal arts, classes 6 to 
13. 

Group III. — Furniture and other objects for the use of dwellings, 
classes 14 to 26. 

Group IV. — Clothing, including fabrics, and other objects worn upon 
the person, classes 27 to 39. 

Group V. — Products, raw and manufactured, of mining industry, for- 
estry, &c, classes 40 to 46. 

Group VI. — Apparatus and process used in the common arts, classes 

47 to 66. 

Group VII. — Pood, fresh or preserved, in various states of prepara- 
tion, classes 67 to 73. 

Group VIII. — Live stock, and specimens of agricultural buildings, 
classes 74 to 82. 

Group IX. — Live produce, and specimens of horticultural works, 
classes 83 to 88. 

Group X was devoted to the exposition of objects and methods de- 
signed to ameliorate the moral and physical condition of men, thus 
bringing in educational, sanitary, and other great departments of social 

* The classification complete, with the classes iu full, will be fouucl in the first volume 
of the reports of the United States commissioners. 



SECTION III GENERAL PURPOSES, ETC. 47 

effort. Under this head, for example, were found the school-houses, 
school apparatus and books; improved cheap dwellings for workmen; 
and the exhibitions made by the sanitary commission. Here, also, were 
found a series of reports, written and published as a part of the exposi- 
tion, upon the progress of letters and science in France, in the twenty 
years preceding 1867. 

PLAN AND ARRANGEMENT OF THE BUILDING. 

In previous great exhibitions, grand architectural effects were at- 
tempted ; the beauty of the building was considered an essential part of 
the display, and large sums were expended in exterior and interior 
decoration. This was also the case in the New York crystal palace. 
At Paris, in 1867, the building was subordinated to the grouping and the 
comparison of the various objects. There was nothing particularly 
attractive or beautiful about the construction. It commanded attention 
from the novelty of its form, its size, and its special adaptation to the 
classification, but not for its beauty. 

The leading feature of the plan was the division of the space into 
seven concentric halls or galleries, all upon one floor, and each one de- 
voted to a particular group or class of objects. The form of the build- 
ing was generally considered to be elliptical, but it was in fact a paral- 
lelogram with semi-circular ends. Its greatest length was 482 meters, 
1,581 feet, and its breadth 307 meters, 1,218 feet. The outer gallery 
was 1,200 meters, or three-fourths of a mile in length. A central space 
was reserved for a garden, with fountains and statuary, and in the midst 
of this was erected a pavilion to receive the standards of the various sys- 
tems of weights and measures of the world. 

The whole space within the outer limits of the building measured 
140,000 square meters, or 36 acres. There was no upper gallery or second 
floor, except a narrow one used as a promenade along the medial line of 
the hall devoted to the display of engines and machinery in motion. 
Outside of this, and in all directions upon the park, were the restau- 
rants, offices, and retiring-rooms. 

The exposition, as a whole, was divided into three portions : the first, 
called the park, comprising the palace and outside structures, and the 
exhibition along the banks of the Seine ; the second, called the reserved 
garden,^ containing the botanical, horticultural, and piscicultural collec- 
tions ; the third, called Billancourt, the name of an island in the Seine, 
where the agricultural implements were exhibited. To facilitate the 
practical trials of the latter, the Emperor give up to the competitors all 
the land and crops they required. Thus the mowing-machines were 
tried at the Emperor's farm at Fouilleuse, near Saint Cloud, and the 
reapers at the imperial establishment at Vincennes. 

As three out of the ten groups — such as the agricultural exhibitions, 
live produce, &e. — could not be properly placed in the building, only 
seven galleries were required and constructed, and the exhibition of 
the other groups was made at Billancourt. 

In the construction of this building upward of 370,000 cubic meters of 
soil had to be removed to make room for foundations, drains, air-pass- 
ages, and water-pipes. The outer circle was excavated so as to give a 
succession of vaulted cellars built of stone and concrete, and lined with 
cement. The two interior galleries of the building were built of stone,, 
and the seven others of iron. 



48 REPORT OF THE U. S. CENTENNIAL COMMISSION. 

MACHINERY GALLERY. 

The outer circle, devoted to the engines and machinery, was the highest 
and the broadest of all. Its width was 114 feet, and its height, to the 
top of the nave, 81 feet. The roof was formed of corrugated iron and 
supported by 176 iron pillars (each weighing 24,000 pounds) upon whicli 
the arches or ribs were placed. Along the center of the whole length of 
this great machinery gallery or arcade an elevated platform was sup- 
ported upon iron columns, and afforded a safe and convenient promenade 
and point of view for the machinery below. It appeared to support the 
line of shafting by which motion was communicated to the various ma- 
chines, but this shafting was sustained by a separate frame. 

The supply of water for this enormous structure, and for the park and 
its various buildings and fountains, was obtained from the Seine, and 
was raised by powerful steam-pumps to a reservoir placed upon the high 
ground on the opposite bank. This reservoir had a capacity of over 
4,000 cubic yards of water, and was made water-tight by a lining of con- 
crete. The main conduit leading from this reservoir crossed the Seine 
by the bridge of Jena, and traversed the whole length of the Champ de 
Mars. 

Both the park and the building were bisected through the entire length 
by one straight avenue leading from the grand entrance opposite the 
bridge of Jena to the front of the military school at the opposite ex- 
tremity of the Champ de Mars. This was crossed at right angles by 
three other broad avenues leading to the side entrances upon the public 
streets. These principal avenues, together with several others at each 
end, radiating from the central garden to the outer circle, intersected 
each gallery at right angles, and divided the whole building into sixteen 
sectors of nearly equal area. 

The objects exhibited by France and its colonies occupied seven of 
these sectors : England filled two and a half, and the United States one- 
third of one, exclusive of the displays in the buildings outside. 

It will be seen that the form and arrangement of the building, and the 
disposition of its contents, was in harmony with the classification and 
grouping adopted by the imperial commission. 

To each of the first seven groups a gallery of the building was assigned. 
Thus Group I, works of art, occupied the inner circle or gallery 1, and so 
on to Group VII, which occupied the outer circle. 

By following one of these galleries the observer passed in succession 
among the productions similar in kind of different countries. By fol- 
lowing the avenues he passed successively through the different produc- 
tions of the same country. The student, therefore, could investigate the 
condition of any particular art or industry as manifested by different 
nations, or he could pursue his studies geographically, and note the 
characteristic productions of each country, and compare them as a whole 
with those of other countries. The arrangement facilitated exhibition, 
prompted study and comparison, and in these respects fully realized the 
intentions of its authors. 

GALLERY OF HISTORY OF LABOR. 

After the adoption of this classification it was decided to devote a 
portion of the inner gallery, next to the central garden, to antiquities, 
so as to give a history of human labor. 

This, apparently an afterthought, was one of the most interesting de- 
partments of the exhibition, and to almost all persons. In it the birth 



SECTION III GENERAL PURPOSES, ETC. 49 

and progress of many of the arts was distinctly shown. Even the pre- 
historic period was represented by collections of Hint and bone imple- 
ments from caves and from the lake dwellings of Switzerland. The 
bronze period was illustrated by numerous implements and manufactures 
in that material, and so on through the great period of human history to 
the present age of steel. 

PROGRESS OF INVENTIONS. 

And here let me suggest that in our classification we should give a 
prominent place to an exhibition of articles showing the gradual devel- 
opment of the industrial arts in the world, and especially to such objects 
as will show the development and progress of inventions in all depart- 
ments of art and manufactures in our own country during the century. 

THE IMPORTANCE OF THE PARK. 

The visitor to the exposition was at once forcibly impressed with the 
importance and extreme interest of the park as a part of the exhibition. 
It was most tastefully laid out with avenues and winding paths, and 
was adorned with trees, shrubs, and flowers, all planted since the ground 
was first broken for the building, on wha't was previously the barren and 
indurated surface of the Champs de Mars. A few short months sufficed 
to make a total change. Water was brought in artificial lakes ; canals 
and streams were made; grottoes were built, and gardens were planted 
with flowers; constructions of all kinds arose as if by magic; and be- 
fore the close of the exposition, examples were seen of the peculiar 
architecture of almost all the nations of the earth, from the tent of the 
wandering Arab to the gilded palace of Europe. These were things of 
beauty, a constant source of instruction and pleasure, giving a distinct 
and uuique character to the whole exhibition as compared with others, 
and it must be a constant source of regret to those who had the satis- 
faction of seeing them, that they were all demolished and removed at 
the close of the exposition. In a favorable locality for an exhibition, 
such, for example, as Fairmount Park affords, there is no reason why 
such ornamental accessory constructions should not be so located as to 
remain, after the close of the exhibition, to permanently adorn the 
grounds. 

THE OPENING. 

The exposition was duly opened according to regulation on the 1st 
of April, and closed on the 4th of November. The building was not 
kept open for visitors in the evening. Every afternoon, at sunset, all 
persons, except the guards, were excluded, and the doors were closed. 

COST AND RECEIPTS.* 

The cost of the exposition to France did not fall far short of the es- 
timate made by M. Behic, the minister of agriculture, commerce and pub- 
lic works, after an attentive study of the expenses of previous exposi- 
tions. He estimated that the expense would be from 18,000,000 to 
20,000,000 francs, and that the receipts would, perhaps, reach from 
7,000,000 to 9,000,000, leaving a deficiency of about 12,000,000 francs. 

*Later data upon this subject have been procured, and will be found under section 
14, of this compilation further on. 

H. Mis. 99 4 



50 REPOET OF THE U. S. CENTENNIAL COMMISSION. 

He reported to the Emperor that the practical utility of expositions had 
"been so clearly demonstrated that the state and the city of Paris would 
he justified in contributing this amount. It was proposed, also, that if 
the receipts from all sources did not cover the balance of the costs, 
(over and above the amount of 12,000,000,) the deficiency should be met 
by a guarantee company, and in case of a surplus from the receipts, 
this surplus, or profit, should be divided equally between the state, the 
city, and the guarantee company. These propositions were carried into 
effect, and it is understood that there was no loss or deficiency to be 
made good by the company, but rather a profit to be divided. More 
than 10,000,000 persons visited the exposition, and the receipts from 
them and from other sources were probably considerably more than 
10.000,000 francs. 

But this was by no means the total cost of the exposition. Each 
country bore the expense of installation and cases for its exhibition. 
The expenses of the United States section, for example, exclusive of 
salaries, were about $90,000 in Paris and $50,000 in New York, the lat- 
ter chiefly for packing, storing, and forwarding. The expenditure by 
Great Britain, after deducting the proceeds of sale of fittings, furniture, 
&c, was $000,000. Egypt, occupying only about one-twentieth of the 
space, expended $300,000 ; Prussia, (exclusive of North Germany,) over 
$150,000; Italy, over $160,000 ;*and Austria, $200,000. 

Although, in the main building, the plan and decoration was subordi- 
nated to. the classification and the exhibition of objects, each nation 
erected courts or chambers within the limits assigned to them, and these 
were in many instances highly decorated and ornamented. These had 
the effect of breaking the continuity of the exhibition in groups and 
classes, and so far were adverse to the results aimed at by the arrange- 
ment of similar articles in zones. But it had the advantages of nation- 
alizing in a high degree the exhibition from each country, and of giving 
greater variety to the exhibition. 

It was found, also, that the proportion of articles in any group or 
class was very different in different countries, and consequently that the 
amount of zonal space was in some cases insufficient in one group, while 
ample in another. It resulted that the superabundant articles were 
installed out of their appropriate places according to the system, and 
were to be found in various parts of the building. 

A portion of the large expenditure by Great Britain was for assisting 
deputations of British artisans to visit the exposition, with facilities 
during their stay for studying and reporting upon the various classes. 
One of the results of their visit was a volume of reports of high value 
to those engaged in the special industries discussed. 

INDUSTRIAL PUBLICATIONS. 

Among the more important results of the Paris exposition is the vast 
amount of industrial literature to which it has given rise. Nearly every 
great nation represented there published reports euibodying the results. 
Thirteen volumes were published by the French government, six vol- 
umes by Austria, six by Great Britain, and six by the United States. 
Over three hundred separate works or publications have been made, 
and in various languages, upon the whole or portions of the exhibition. 
These printed results make the exposition a permanent one. The teach- 
ings survive the demolition of the buildings. The press is the right 
arm of such displays, carrying the useful and best results into the 
remote corners of the earth, interesting and instructing artisans and 
others who cannot leave their homes to see with their own eyes. 



SECTION III GENERAL PURPOSES, ETC. 51 

Even our Kew York exhibition was fruitful of results in this direc- 
tion ; two or more illustrated volumes, descriptive of improved ma- 
chinery and processes, were published for sxeueral circulation.* At the 
Paris exposition a vast amount of industrial statistics and information 
was given in the catalogues published by each country. This was de- 
signed from the first to be a prominent and valuable feature of the 
occasion. France led the way, and each country was requested to con- 
tribute such information with its products. The programme contained 
the elements necessary to a comparison in an economical point of view 
of the relative force aud wealth of nations.f 

In France most of the information relating to the industries was ob- 
tained by the class committees of admission, and formed a fitting intro- 
duction to each class, useful to the jurors and to all who made a careful 
study of the exposition. 

The jury reports, in thirteen volumes, prepared by a great number of 
savans and specialists, under the general direction of M. Michel Cheva- 
lier, is a work of unusual value, and it appeared in good season at the 
close of the exposition. The importance of promptness in publishing 
the results was well appreciated by the British commission. The serv- 
ices of many eminent men were early secured for the preparation of 
reports to be published during the progress of the exhibition, in the 
Illustrated London News, this medium being chosen as one of the best 
to get the information quickly and widely disseminated among the peo- 
ple. The same reports were afterward collected and published in 
volumes. | 

The United States Commission was authorized to employ scientific ex- 
perts in addition to the ten professional and scientific commissioners, 
but with a few exceptions the work of reporting was parceled out to 
committees of the commission, and, as might have been expected, the 
committees did not labor as a unit, and the work, if performed at all, was 
done by individuals. There is hardly a report in the whole series which 
is the work of a committee. Another mistake was made in assigning 
the work at so late a day. Instead of being entered upon at the very 
beginning of the exposition, it was in most cases delayed until the end, 
aud the reports, of course, were correspondingly delayed. This should 
be avoided in the future, and it should be remembered, also, that it is 
important to divide the work up as much as possible in order to secure 
completeness and dispatch. The preparation of the catalogues required 
a vast amount of labor and expense. The French official catalogue 
forms a volume of over 1,500 octavo pages ; the British catalogue, in 
four languages, together with the descriptive portions, makes a volume 
of over 1,000 pages. The exclusive right to publish the official cata- 
logue was one of the many monopolies sold by the imperial commission. 
For this privilege the publisher paid 503,000 francs. 

The concession of exclusive privileges was oue great source of revenue. 
Large sums were paid for the exclusive privilege of posting bills in cer- 
tain places, § for providing seats for visitors, for chairs on wheels, for 
exchange offices, for rent of refreshment saloons, &c. These monopolies, 

*"The World of Art and Industry," illustrated, 4to., pp. 208 ; G. P. Putnam & Co., 
1854. Also, "The Illustrated Record of the Exhibition " 4to; G.P.Putnam & Co., 
1H54. 

t This programme in full, as translated from the letter of Commissioner Le Play, will 
he found on page 103 of the Introduction, &c, vol. i, of the Reports of the United 
States Commission. 

t There were eighty-seven separate reports, prepared by over seventy persons. 

§ For this privilege 50,000 francs were to be paid, and the commission engaged to give 
at least 7,000 square meters of wall-space. 



52 REPORT OF THE U. S. CENTENNIAL COMMISSION. 

however profitable they may have been, and perhaps necessary, were 
the source of much annoyance and litigation.* 

THE MOTIVE-POWER. 

The imperial commission undertook to supply the power needed for the 
machinery gallery, by contracting for the service with various parties, 
preference being given to contractors from the countries to be supplied. 
The contractors were to provide the engines, boilers, boiler-houses and 
chimneys, with all the necessary steam-pipes, and the shafting. But 
the sum, 600 francs per horse-power, was so low that the work could 
not be properly performed except at a loss, and the result was that there 
were serious complaints in some of the foreign sections of want of 
steam, and the working of the machinery had to be arranged among the 
exhibitors with reference to this deficiency. In the United States sec- 
tion, no American contractor appearing in time, the contract was given 
to others. 

The boilers were in all cases placed outside of the building in the park, 
and were covered by ornamental structures, which, in most cases, served 
to exhibit some peculiar material or method of building. 

It is the opinion of Captain Beaumont, B. E., who reported to the 
British commission upon the steam and motive power arrangements, 
that the French went to a needless expense in isolating the supports of 
their shafting from those of the gallery. * It is thought that the tremor 
would not have been too great if the shafting had been attached to the 
gallery, but a double line of shafting, supported above the center of the 
exhibiting space on each side of a narrow gallery, would have been more 
convenient. Four such lines of shafting were placed upon unstayed 
columns, and successfully used, in the British section. Again, the 
curved form of the machinery gallery is pointed out as a defect. This 
form necessitated the use of universal joints at intervals, when in a 
straight gallery, or hall, no such expensive and cumbrous fittings would 
be required. 

TRANSPORTATION OF HEAVY OBJECTS. 

Heavy objects reaching France by sea, such, for example, as ordnance 
and boilers, were sent up the river Seine on steamers, and were landed 
upon the banks within the limits of the exposition. The circular rail- 
way around the building was in constant use, and in the opinion of Mr. 
Cole, the British commissioner, it would have been almost impossible to 
have opened the exhibition April 1 without it. Great service was also 
rendered by steam cranes in unloading goods. 

CO-OPERATION OF GOVERNMENT DEPARTMENTS. 

The effective co-operation of the several well-organized departineuts 
of the goverment of France and other countries greatly facilitated the 
work of preparation for the exhibition and promoted its success. In 
France, the departments of the interior, of war, of the navy, of public 
works, of public instruction, of finance, and of the house of the Em- 
peror, all made extensive and costly exhibitions. In the British 

* The British commission was sued for infringing upon the rights grunted to the pub- 
lisher of the official catalogue, and also upon the advertising concession. 









ETC. 53 

section, eight of the government departments were represented, par- 
ticularly the war department and the admiralty, the treasury, for 
public printing, and the department of science and art. The collec- 
tions from this department were specially interesting and instructive. 
They consisted in great part of reproductions in plaster or in copper, 
by galvanoplasty, of rare and costly works of art in the museums and 
private collections of Europe. The collection of such reproductions, 
which now form a large part of the art collections of the South Ken- 
sington Museum, may be considered to be one of the results of the ex- 
hibition of 1855, when casts were taken of objects in the Musee de Ar- 
tillerie and the Hotel de Cluny, Paris.* Each succeeding exhibition 
tends to increase the educational value and efficiency of this great 
museum of reproductions and works of art, for the opportunity to 
secure from all countries examples of great artistic merit is too inviting 
to be lost. Much is also effected by exchange. For example, most of 
the objects sent to Paris were exchanged for similar objects with the 
governments of France, Prussia, Eussia, and Italy. 

INTERNATIONAL JURIES. 

The examination of products and making awards was committed to 
international juries, numbering in all six hundred members. 

The number of jurors taken from each nation was in proportion to 
the ground occupied by each in the exhibition, and the general commis- 
sioner of each nation nominated the jurors allowed to his national 
section. 

The organization comprised one special jury, ninety-four juries of 
classes, ten juries of groups, and a superior council. 

The work was divided and distributed among them as follows : 

First. The subjects which were presented for the new order of recom- 
penses, intended for persons, establishments, or localities, which, by 
organization or special institutions, have developed harmony among co- 
operators and produced in an eminent degree the material, moral, and 
intellectual well-being of the workmen, were submitted to a special jury 
of twenty- five members, whose decision was final. 

Second. The examination of Group No. 1, comprising the five classes 
of fine arts, was committed to four separate juries, whose reports were 
subject to revision and adjustment by a group jury formed by the four 
class juries united, numbering sixty-four members, whose decision was 
final. 

Third. The remaining ninety classes of products were submitted to 
the inspection of the corresponding ninety class juries, whose work was 
subject to revision by the group juries and superior council. 

Each class jury elected from its own body a president, vice-president, 
and reporter. 

The nine group juries were composed of the presidents and reporters 
of the ninety class juries, with the addition of a president and two vice- 
presidents to each group jury, not taken from the class juries, but spe- 
cially appointed by the respective general commissioners of the national 
sections to which these appointments were allotted. The secretary for 
each group was appointed by the imperial commission. 

* The art collections of the South Kensigton Museum number about 13,000 objects 
illustrative of the history, principles, and processes of decorative art in sculpture, 
carvings in wood and ivory, decorative furniture, metal work, goldsmith's work, jew- 
elry and lapidaries' work, engraved gems, niello work, arms, armor, pottery, glass, 
enamels, ancient lac work, textile fabrics, miniatures, &c. 



54 REPORT OF THE U. S. CENTENNIAL COMMISSION. 

The superior council was formed of the presidents and vice-presidents 
of the nine group juries, presided over by one of the vice-presidents of 
the imperial commission. 

The duties of the class juries were to examine the products in detail 
in their respective classes, and make lists of the exhibitors whose pro- 
ducts they considered deserving of awards, naming the award proposed 
for each, and the reason of it, which completed their work. 

The reports on products and exhibitors thus drawn up were passed 
to the group juries, whose duty it was to revise them, concurring in the 
recommendations of the class jurors as far as approved, modifying the 
parts not approved, and sending them in this form to the superior 
council. 

The duty of the superior council was to decide upon the whole num- 
ber of awards to be made, and the number of each grade of awards, 
for which purposes they had a limited authority to add to the whole 
number which had been recommended, and power to diminish the 
whole number called for by the juries. 

THE EFFECT OF AWARDS. 

Tn regard to the benefits from a system of awards, Commissioner- 
General Beekwith, from whose report the foregoing account of the or- 
ganization of the international jury is condensed, says : 

Experience on former occasions has, in the main, justified the awards of the juries, 
and they have served, not only to confirm established reputations, but to bring into 
more prominent notice the excellent products of thousands of skillful and worthy pro- 
ducers, who labored previously in comparative obscurity, and whose improved for- 
tunes date from those periods. But the benefits resulting from this are not limited to 
the successful exhibitors. They are naturally stimulated to renewed efforts to main- 
tain their new positions, which quickens their invention, improves their products, and 
raises their own standards, while their rivals and competitors, who, if equally skillful 
are less lucky, are thereby compelled to work up to this higher level. A new spirit is 
thus breathed into every department of industry, and the benefits of increased pro- 
duction, improved qualities and varieties, and diminished cost become universal. 

A serious source of disappointment in the Paris exposition, at least 
so far as the United States were concerned, was due to the inability or 
neglect of many of the local committees to whom certain duties were 
assigned. Failing adequately to perform those duties, at the last mo- 
ment they devolved upon the executive. Time was lost 5 work which 
would otherwise have been comparatively easy and simple was embar- 
rassed by its inconjirieteness. The feeling of responsibility diminishes 
with the distribution of the power. We were late about our contract 
for motive power in Paris ; late in sending on our goods properly in- 
voiced and catalogued, and w r e did not fully work up to the intent and 
purposes of that great display. 

SUGGESTIONS FOR ORGANIZATION OF FUTURE EXHIBITIONS. 

Before leaving Paris several of the executive commissioners united 
in a memorandum upon the management of future international exhi- 
bitions, as follows: 

First. That as the usefulness of international exhibitions does not 
depend on their size, but on their selectness and quality, so the ten- 
dency to increase the size of each succeeding exhibition should be dis- 
couraged. 

Second. That it is desirable that future exhibitions should be held in 
rotation in various capitals. 






SECTTON III — GENERAL PURPOSES, ETC. 55 

Third. That the country inviting the exhibition to be held should 
provide, at its own risk, a suitable building, completely finished in all 
respects, provided with all conveniences for unloading and loading, and 
supplied, perhaps, with sufficient glass cases. 

Fourth. That before any code of general regulations for the manage- 
ment of exhibitions be promulgated, the commissioners of each nation 
occupying a given amount of space be assembled to discuss them, each 
nation having one representative or an equal number of representa- 
tives, but that the country inviting the exhibition should have a veto 
on the decisions and the power of limiting the extent of the exhibition, 
and the number of the classes to be shown. 

Fifth. That in order to promote the comparison of objects the gen- 
eral principle of the arrangement be rather by classes than by nation- 
alities. 

Sixth. That no objects be removed out of the exhibition for the pur- 
poses of sale, and that means be taken to prevent its becoming a fair 
or bazaar. 

Seventh. That the number of classes adopted in the present Paris 
exhibition be greatly increased in future exhibitions. 

Eighth. That no prizes of any kind be awarded, but that reports on 
every class be made and signed by an international jury, which reports 
should be published during the exhibition, and as soon as possible alter 
the opening. 

Ninth. That each country for every class in which it has exhibitors 
be free to send one reporter for each class. 

This document appears in the official report of the British commis- 
sion,* and is signed by Henry Cole, executive commissioner for the 
United Kingdom ; Schaeffer, commissioner for Austria; Herzog, com- 
missioner for Prussia ; De Thai, commissioner for Kussia; Chiavarina, 
commissioner-general for Italy; Beckwith, commissioner-general for the 
United States. 

THE ADMINISTRATION. 

Article second of the imperial decree of February 1, 18G5, placed the 
direction and control of the Paris exposition in the hands of the impe- 
rial commission, and the commissioner-general, named by the same de- 
cree, was charged with the execution of the measures adopted by the 
imperial commission. All foreign commissions were invited to appoint 
an executive commissioner, to confer directly with the executive com- 
missioner at Paris. This was done by most countries. The United 
States, upon the recommendation of Mr. Bigelow, then our minister at 
Paris, was represented by Commissioner-General Beckwith, to whose 
ability we are indebted iargely for our measure of success there. The 
country and the world are also indebted to him and to Mr. Bigelow, 
then our minister at Paris, for clear conceptions and statements of the 
importance and value of such exhibitions to industry and to human 
welfare in the highest sense. Much may be learned by consulting their 
utterances preserved in part in the official reports and records. Their 
wisdom and experience will be of great service to us. For example, in 
regard to international exhibitions, Mr. Beckwith says : 

If it be true that civilization was led in most countries for a long period by a few- 
men of genius skilled in political science and literature, it is not less true that the men 
of physical science have at length come to their aid. 

Th eeologists, naturalists, chemists, mineralogists, inventors, and engineers are now- 
direct g the labor of the world with a success never before attained. 

* Appendix V to Commissioner Cole's Report; Vol. I of British Reports. 



56 EEPOET OF THE U. S. CENTENNIAL COMMISSION. 

As the intellectual domination of the material world increases, the hardships and 
barrenness of toil diminish, and its products multiply; and while political science 
emancipates the enslaved races, physical science enslaves the elements and forces of 
nature and emancipates mankind. 

In this great movement the largest benefits will fall, with the largest markets in 
the world, to those who make the best provision for the development and diffusion of 
the practical sciences as applied to industry. 

No nation produces within itself all these in perfection, nor keeps up with the daily 
progress in them ; but those are most advanced in the race who adopt the best methods 
of collecting and disseminating the progressive knowledge resulting from the studies 
and labors of all. 

Among the methods for this purpose, international assemblies and exhibitions are 
increasing in numbers, in frequency, and in importance. 

A knowledge of many of the useful and successful combinations of science and in- 
dustrial art cannot be conveyed in words ; they must be studied in models and speci- 
mens, which display at once the combinations and effects, the modes and results. 

These being the products of many localities and many countries, bringing them 
together facilitates their study, and affords, at the same time, the opportunity of care- 
ful and accurate comparisons, without which no study is complete. 

Mr. Bigelow, in reference to the coining centennial celebration, has 
suggested the taking of an extra Federal census, the establishment of a 
National Museum, and the preparation of a series of monographs, by 
which the progress and product of civilization in the United States can 
be shown.* 

With your permission, I will add a few facts upon the series of annual 
exhibitions in Eugland, commencing in 1871, and the grand international 
display to be made in Vienna in 1873. 

ANNUAL EXHIBITIONS IN LONDON. 

Apparently following the first of the suggestions prepared by Mr. 
Cole, and subscribed to by several of the executive commissioners in 
Paris in 1867, Her Majesty's commissioners for the exhibition of 
1851 f resolved to institute a series of international exhibitions of 

* These suggestions were first published in the New York Tribune, a year or more ago, 
and are as follows : 

First. The taking of an extra Federal census for that year. 

Second. That every art should be laid under contribution for some appropriate me- 
morial of the degree of excellence to which it shall have attained, and with which it 
will begin the the succeeding century. 

Third. Competent persons should be invited to prepare monographs by which the 
progress and product of civilization in the United. States could be measured. Such 
monographs should embrace as topics a statistical history during the past century of 
our postal service; of telegraphy ; of the progress of art, industry, and invention; of 
immigration; of agriculture; the increase of land under culture, and disappearance of 
timber; of mining and the development of mineral wealth; of military and naval in- 
ventions, discoveries, and achievements; of manufactures ; of education; of religious 
and ecclesiastical progress ; of the natural scienoes ; of the progress of wealth and 
financial vicissitudes of the country ; of fine arts ; of literature ; of the press ; of public 
charities; the organization and growth of different States; of the changes in munici- 
pal, State, and Federal systems ; of political economy, and of labor, free and servile, 
and wages; of law; of medicine; of commerce and navigation; of changes in the 
social condition of the people in the United States ; of the aborigines ; of the climatic 
revolutions and changes of the continent during the century. 

Fourth. It was proposed that a National Museum and Library should be established, 
to be perpetually associated with this anniversary. The edifice to be dedicated or its 
corner-stone laid on that day, and be made the repository of such works of art or 
volumes of national interest as proved worthy of its hospitality; a nucleus, in short, 
of a collection in which every State should hold herself an owner. To what extent 
such a collection grows under the influence of national pride, the British Museums and 
those of the Vatican and Louvre bear witness. 

tThe commission has continued to exist since that time, and controls the large 
property then acquired, using it for the advancement of art and science, chiefly by 
means of exhibitions. 



SECTION III GENERAL PURPOSES, ETC. 57 

selected specimens of tbe works of fine art and industry, to be held 
annually in London, the first to be opened in the year 1871. These 
annual international exhibitions differ materially from any previous 
exhibitions. They are comparatively limited in extent. The objects 
are selected by competent judges before they are admitted, and only 
a few classes of industrial objects are admitted each year. The ar- 
rangement is by classes, not by nationalities as heretofore. No 
charge is made to exhibitors for arranging and taking care of their ob- 
jects during the exhibitions. These exhibitions are opened on the first 
day of May and are closed on the 30th of September. They are held in 
permanent buildings at South Kensington, adjoining the arcades of the 
Eoyal Horticultural Gardens. 

Space is not assigned to foreign nations in block, but in each of the 
classes as may be required. There are no prizes awarded, but a certifi- 
cate of having obtained the distinction of admission to the exhibition is 
given to each exhibitor. 

The result of the first year's working of this plan has not been made 
known generally. It does not appear to have excited much enthusiasm 
or attention. The plan evidently lacks the great elements of success 
for exhibitions. It is not general and comprehensive, arresting by its 
novelty and magnificent proportions the attention of nations, and draw- 
ing crowds from all countries. It may, perhaps, be more satisfactory to 
the appreciative few, but can hardly be said to act directly for the ben- 
efit of the mass of the people. Its tendency is to make the exhibitions 
locally rather than generally interesting. It lacks also the stimulating 
influence of direct awards upon producers. 

VIENNA EXHIBITION OF 1873. 

The proposed international exhibition at Vienna is to be opened on 
the 1st of May and closed on the 31st of October, 1873. The total cov- 
ered space will be 103,000 square meters, or 43,000 square meters less 
than the exposition of 1867. The main building, on the pavilion system, 
will be 905 meters long and 205 meters wide, with a colossal iron cupola 
102 meters in diameter and 79 meters high in the center. 

The art collections are to be placed in a separate building, and the ex- 
hibition of machinery is to be made in a hall near the main building, 
and 890 meters long by 28 meters wide. 

It is proposed to so arrange the objects, machines, and representations 
of methods of manufacture, in juxtaposition, as to give an illustration 
of the growth of some of the most important of the industries and in- 
ventions. The influence of science upon the arts will also be illustrated. 
An effort will also be made to give a history of the cost of production 
and of the selling-price of a large class of articles. Recent inventions 
will be subjected to experimental trials; lectures will be given upon late 
improvements and discoveries, and a congress of delegates from all 
countries is invited to meet and discuss many questions suggested by 
the exhibition. 

Four classes of awards or prizes will be given. 

1. The art medal. 

2. Progress medal for decided improvements. 

3. Workmen's medal, to those who have largely contributed to the 
success of any invention. 

4. Honorable diploma for distinguished service in elevatiug the con- 
dition of workmen, or in the cause of education. 



58 REPOKT OF THE U. S. CENTENNIAL COMMISSION. 

The various articles to be exhibited will be arranged in the classes as 
below. 

1. Mioes and mining. 

2. Agriculture. 

3. Chemical industry. 

4. Food. 

5. Textile and clothing industry. 

6. Leather and India rubber industry. 

7. Metal industry. 

8. Wood industry. 

9. Stone, clay, and glass industry. 

10. Hardware. 

11. Paper. 

12. Graphic arts and industrial drawings. 

13. Machines and means of transportation. 

14. Scientific instruments. 

15. Musical instruments. 

16. Military objects. 

17. Marine objects. 

18. Architecture and civil engineering. 

19. A citizen's dwelling, its interior, furniture, and arrangements. 

20. A peasant's house, with furniture. 

21. Characteristic national domestic industry. 

22. Representations of the value of art museums. 

23. Ecclesiastical industry. 

24. Historical antiquities exhibited by amateurs. 

25. Modern works of art. 

26. Relating to education. 

This, it will be seen, though very different from the classification of 
1867, is yet very comprehensive and is capable of being greatly sub- 
divided.* 

In view of our intended exhibition, it is desirable that the organiza- 
tion, administration, and results of this great exhibition at Vienna 
should be carefully studied and compared with those at Paris. Up to 
this time the most successful of the large exhibitions have been confined 
to London and Paris. Large populations are necessary to afford a large 
number of visitors. Other things being equal, it may safely be conceded 
that such enterprises are most useful and successful when located in or 
near a great industrial manufacturing center. For the industrial classes 
are the most directly benefited by seeing and comparing the results of 
skilled labor in different countries and under different conditions. In 
this view Philadelphia, with its extensive and varied industries, pro- 
ducing in the aggregate $400,000,000 worth of manufactured goods 
annually, the largest manufacturing city in the United States, is a most 
appropriate place in which to hold a great international exhibition. 

RESULTS OP EXHIBITIONS. 

Permit me, in closing, to quote some remarks of Mr. Seward upon the 
value of great industrial expositions : 

From the commencement of the industrial epoch, which dates from the London exhi- 
bition of 1851, the profouud significance ajid. value, of such exhibitions have been 
realized by the people and governments of the civilized nations. Their beneficent in- 

* Further details concerning this exposition will be found in an interesting article 
by Professor C. A. Joy, in the Journal of Applied Chemistry, January, 1872, from which 
the above is condensed. 



SECTION III GENERAL PURPOSES, ETC. 59 

Alienees are many and wide-spread; they advance human knowledge in all directions. 
Through the universal language of the products of labor the artisans of all countries 
hold communication; ancient prejudices are broken down; nations are fraternized; 
generous rivalries in the peaceful fields of industry are excited; the tendencies to war 
arc lessened, and a better understanding between labor and capital is fostered. It is 
gratifying to note that these great exhibitions are planned and executed in the inter- 
ests of the mass of the people. In this last instance those industries, products, and 
organizations designed to promote the material and moral well-being of the people 
were made prominent, and the underlying, animating spirit and impulse of the whole 
plan were for the advancement, prosperity, and happiness of the people of all nations. 
One of the most salutary results is the promotion of an appreciation of the true dignity 
of labor and its paramount claims to consideration as the basis of national wealth and 
power. 

Such exhibitions have become national necessities and duties, and as such it may 
expected that they will be repeated again and again hereafter. 

But this is too broad a theme for tins occasion. We hope that we un- 
derstand and appreciate the. task before us. The good work has already 
begun. Who could not be impressed with this who saw last evening, in 
the banquet hall of our hosts of the Union League, Virginia shaking- 
hands with Connecticut, and pledging united and harmonious action, 
hand to hand and heart to heart, in the great work of peace, good-will 
and civilization confided to our care. 

March 11, 1872. 

The President pro tempore (Mr. Cleveland, of New Jersey) spoke as 
follows : 

FELLOW-co^nnssiONERS : I am full of this work, and I dare hardly 
trust myself to speak at this moment of separation, but it may not be 
amiss to say a word or two. There has been so much harmony and good 
feeling developed among us that I do most sincerely hope we shall all 
live to meet in May, when I trust the absent members may also be 
present, and that we shall live to meet again and again till the whole of 
this great work is brought to a successful, may I not say, in the inter- 
est of civilization itself, a glorious termination, satisfactory to us all. 

Some results of this preliminary gathering are already felt among 
us. If any commissioner journeyed here, no matter from how far, with 
any doubts hanging over him, I believe I shall speak the sentiments 
of the whole commission when I declare that his intercourse with bis 
fellow-commissioners and with the citizens of Philadelphia, during the 
past week, must have removed them all ; and in closing this session we 
are able further to declare to the whole country, and, in a preliminary 
way, to the whole world, that the exhibition has become a fixed fact. 
We have even gone so far as to locate the very site upon which the 
buildings are to be erected, and that the main building is to cover not 
less than fifty acres of floor space. 

When we were welcomed in Independence Hall, and again in visitingoid 
Carpenters' Hall, I was impressed with the grand and glorious memories 
clustering round about Philadelphia, all pointing with solemn signifi- 
cance to the occasion we are preparing to celebrate. May we all have 
light and strength to appreciate that occasion, as it approaches. No 
such family gathering has ever been known in the world's history, and 
we shall have passed away and been forgotten when the next one occurs. 

May we be permitted to rise up to the grandeur and importance of the 
work before us, so that the results and lessons of our labor may bless 
and last till our descendants shall celebrate in a similar manner the next 
Centennial. The vast and varied and marvelous results of inventive in- 
dustry from all the world shall gather here ; and it is fitting ; for here, 
upon this continent, in this new country, under the fostering care of the 
wise and beneficent provisions of our patent laws, the inventive Genius 



60 EEPORT OF THE U. S. CENTENNIAL COMMISSION. 

of the age finds her most congenial home. From the international ex : 
hibition of 1876 the education of skilled labor, in this country at least, 
is to take a new departure, and we hope the effect will be felt also, in 
some measure, by every civilized nation. 

Here will be spread out before us the manufactures of Great Britain, 
the source of all her power. From France will come articles of taste 
and utility, exquisite in design and perfect in execution. From Russia, 
iron and leather no nation has yet learned to produce. From Berlin 
and Munich, artistic productions in iron and bronze. From Switzer- 
land, her unequaled wood-carvings and delicate watch-work. From 
Bohemia shall come the perfection of glass-blowing ; and musical instru- 
ments from the Black Forest. From Nineveh and Pompeii, the evi- 
dences of a buried past. 

* # * # # # 

The progress of the applied arts will be shown from all Europe. 
From China, her curious workmanship, the result of accumulated inge- 
nuity reaching back beyond the time when history began. Matchless 
wood- work from Japan, and from far India her treasures rare and won- 
derful. 

Turkey and Persia shall bring their gorgeous fabrics to diversify and 
stimulate our taste. 

The Queen of the East, passing the Suez Canal, shall cross the great 
deep and bow her turbaned head to this young giant of the West, and 
he shall point her people to the source of his vast powers, the education, 
of all the people. 

One of our noted orators laid before us the other night such evidence 
as he could gather of the lost arts of the ancients ; and he demands to 
know what we have to compensate us for the loss. 

I claim that we have produced some things, even in this new country, 
worthy of that orator's notice. 

Instead of tearing open the bosom of mother earth with the root of a 
tree, that we may feed upon the bounties of nature, as the ancients did, 
the green covering rolls away with the perfection and grace of art itself 
from the polished molding-board of a Pittsburgh steel-plough. Ma- 
chinery casts abroad the seed, and McCormiek's reaper gathers the har- 
vest. Whitney's cotton-gin prepares the fiber, Ly all's positive-motion 
loom takes the place of the old wheel, and Howe's sewing machine fits 
the fabric for the nse of man. What had the ancients, I demand to 
know, that could compensate them for the want of these American in- 
ventions'? 

I do not speak of the American telegraph or of the steam-power, that 
we have done more than all other nations put together in reaching the 
possibilities of. The magi of the East never dreamed, in the wildest 
frenzy of their fruitful imaginations, of the wonders of these. Let us 
now go to our several States and Territories and enlist every interest 
of our people in this undertaking; for whatever the reunited people of 
the United States undertake on behalf of the whole country will not 
fail. 

Next year it will become the duty of the General Government to 
make the international exhibition known to other countries, to the end 
that all civilized people may meet with us in 1876 in friendly competi- 
tion in the progress of the arts of peace. Be it our duty now to arouse 
our own people to a sense of its great value. I know that we go out 
with our hearts full ; let our minds be determined and our hands ready 
for the labor. 



SECTION III GENERAL PURPOSES, ETC. 61 

May 29, 1872. 

Mr. Adams, of Florida, Said : 

Mr. President : 1 am rejoiced to witness the good feeling which has 
characterized the meetings of the Commission, and hope that before 
final adjourn in en t there will be a general expression of gratification 
and interest in the result. It is a grand thing to spend ten millions for 
an exposition, but it will be a grander thing than all if this exposition 
is a national, profound tribute to the majesty of labor. The whole sys- 
tem of this country has been revolutionized within the last fifteen years ; 
aud the Fourth of July, 1876, if this exposition means anything at all, 
means a solemn procession of the nationalities bringing to the altar of 
this country a tribute to the majesty and augnst power of labor under 
the direction of skill and science. Coming with this feeling, I do not 
want to sneak away from the city of Philadelphia without saying some- 
thing of the strong feeling I have for the success of this great move- 
ment, and for the hospitality and kindness of the people of this place. 
It is a delicate matter, perhaps, for me to introduce, but I tell you there 
are hundreds of thousands of men in the country from which I came, 
who have an earnest, a hearty feeling for the success of this project, and 
the thorough reunion of all the people of this great country. 

I am a man coming from the mountains of Vermont. I have spent 
five years in devoted labor for the good of the land of my adoption. I 
come here to say that the men of the South, while they do not wish to 
say, " We regret the past," " We are sorry for our sins," are eager for 
the opportunity which will enable them to meet the people of the North, 
and, in a hearty reunion, to wipe out all remembrance of what has oc- 
curred to separate them. They will come to shake hands in a common 
destiny, in a common love, and for the glory of our flag and our com- 
mon country. When the address of this body comes, I want it to touch 
the hearts of every living patriot upon this broad continent. 

The centennial movement is not a matter of dollars and cents. 
There are times when the destinies of the world depend upon a prayer. 
A noble sentiment uttered in this city a hundred years ago changed 
the destiny of this nation. I tell you that in the history of this 
country, and in the history of the future, among the grandest thoughts 
that will stand on its pages to be read by coming generations, will be 
that one which the President of the United States gave utterance to 
when he said, u Let us have peace." It has descended into the hearts 
of this country, until in the South it has become a living thought, and 
in the year 1876 we will come up here to show you a national response 
to that sentiment of humanity. 

I want some of this sentiment to come out here in this body, and let 
it be found in the address which we shall give to the people of this con- 
tinent. 

Mr. Byrd, of Alabama, said : I fully respond to the sentiment uttered 
by the gentleman from Florida. I have been a Southern man all rny 
life, either by misfortune or good fortune, and I cannot take occasion 
to say much to you about it, nor about the condition of our people, for- 
I suppose you all understand just what it is. I desire to say once 
again, and perhaps now for the last time, that if this is to be a national 
exposition, I want it to be one. I do not want it to be sectional. 

This exhibition should come under the patronage of the United 
States, and they, as a nation, and not the separate States, should be 
called upon to provide the finances necessary to its success. Is it too 
much to ask that this Government should appropriate ten millions to 
this laudable object? I believe, for one, that as soon as we present our 



62 REPORT OF THE IT. S. CENTENNIAL COMMISSION. 

plans to Congress, and give them to understand what the cost will be, 
Congress will make a proper appropriation for the purposes of the Cen- 
tennial, and if Congress does not do it, I believe the people will send 
Kepresentatives there who will. 

We have got to go ahead in a measure of this kind. If I were in Con- 
gress, and desired to become President of the United States, there is 
nothing that 1 should seize hold of as tending to awaken the minds of 
the people more readily than the exposition. I am in favor of an appro- 
propriation from Congress, and if there is anythiug to be lost finan- 
cially let the Government lose it. I would prefer to conduct it upon a 
principle by which every citizen could enter the exposition grounds 
without cost, and let the Government appropriate the funds. It is 
worth more than $10,000,000 to the Government to have it. The Gov- 
ernment can afford to furnish the funds rather than have it a kind of 
stock-jobbing concern, or have it done by the States separately. We 
must all direct our attention to that, and speak to our Congressmen 
upon it, and speak boldly, and take issue upon that questiou, and we 
will have all we desire. I shall now have to leave. Consider yourselves 
all shaken heartily by the hand, as I bid you good-by. 

Mr. Spoon er, of Massachusetts, said : 

Mr. President : I wish, in a very few words, to say that every senti- 
ment which has been expressed by these gentlemen, of good will between 
all sections of the country, is responded to by me. Whatever views they 
may have as to what has occurred within the last dozen years, there is 
not a man of any respectability, woman, or child, 1 firmly believe, who 
does not cordially wish well, wish prosperity, and every possible good 
to the people of all sections, and especially to those of the South. I 
believe that this centennial celebration, if carried out successfully in a 
right spirit, will bring us to feel that we are oue people, and that what- 
ever section prospers it is for the prosperity of the whole, and whatever 
member suffers the whole body must suffer. I believe, further, that this 
exhibition will do much to show that diversity of employment is of the 
highest importance to all sections. We cannot live on machine^, nor 
on bread and meat alone. The civilized man needs more than bread 
and shelter, and his necessaries can be provided ouly by a diversity of 
employment. The importance of this truth will be powerfully demon- 
strated by such an exhibition, and, in addition, industry in all branches 
will not only be improved, but will find a decided impetus. 

Mr. Dufur, of Oregon, said : 

Mr. President : Although the State I have the honor to represent 
in this commission is farthest from the centennial exposition, I pledge 
you, sir, that in proportion to her wealth and population, the State of 
Oregon will be earnest in heart, earnest in sentiment, and earnest in 
labor to make this centenary anniversary what it should be — an honor 
to our country and an honor to the world. 

Mr. Atwood, of Wisconsin, briefly said : 

Mr. President: My State did her full part to quell the rebellion and 
restore the Union. She will do all in her power to cement that Union 
together. I am convinced that this centennial celebration will do more 
to reunite all the elemeuts of this nation into one grand whole than any 
event which has occurred in the century. I assure you Wisconsin will 
do her full part to insure the complete success of the grand international 
exhibition, in Philadelphia, in 1876. 



SECTION III — GENERAL PURPOSES, ETC. 63 

Mr. Lowry, of Town, said : 

Mr. President : I have the honor to represent the " Hawkeye" State, 
the youDg giant of the West, the great State of Iowa, bounded on the 
east by the great "Father of Waters," and on the west by the Missouri. 
She is only twenty-six years old ; has a population of over one million 
three hundred thousand ; has more railroads in actual operation than 
any other State in the Union, except six; has as handsome women, as 
energetic men, as healthy a climate, as rich a soil, and as cheap homes 
as any other State of the Union. We are marching on in greatness and 
prosperity, plowing up virgin soil, building school-houses and churches, 
and, yon may rest assured, bound to do our best to make this centen- 
nial successful. 

Mr. Cooper, of Alabama, said : 

Mr. President: I believe that this commission is inaugurating the 
grandest project the world ever saw, and I am confident, from the 
earnestness manifested by the members, that there is in their lexicon no 
such word as" fail." 

Mr. Powell, of Rhode Island, said: 

Mr. President: I thank the gentlemen from Florida, Alabama, Ore- 
gon, Massachusetts, and Wisconsin, in the name of the people of Rhode 
Island, for the words of fraternal love and kindliness they have uttered. 
I believe that the entire centennial movement was based on just such 
sentiments, the result of which would be the reunion of all the people of 
this country in one strong brotherhood — naturalized, but not centralized. 

Mr. French, of Mississippi, said: 

Mr. President : As I left my home, the governor, who had conferred 
the appointment of commissioner upon me, came to me and impressed 
upon me these words : " I, as well as the people of this State, want you 
to bring about that good fellowship and good feeling which has hereto- 
fore existed between the different sections of this country." And, Mr. 
President, I think that the centennial anniversary will afford the very 
best opportunity for the accomplishment of that desire. 

Mr. Cleveland, of New Jersey, said: 

Mr. President : I rise only to say that every State and every Terri- 
tory has now joined hands in this work, and since you were last together, 
by the admission of the Senator from North Carolina, the last vacant 
seat in the Congress of the United States has been tilled. I have just 
learned that Robert Mallory and Smith N. Hobbs have been appointed 
commissioner and alternate from Kentucky. 

Mr. Morrell, of Pennsylvania, said : 

Mr. President : I desire to express for myself, and the State I have 
the honor to represent in this commission, full sympathy with the 
patriotic aud fraternal sentiments which have just been uttered, and to 
assure the commission that Pennsylvania extends a cordial welcome to 
the members from all her sister States. 

May 29, 1872. 

The president then spoke as follows : 

Gentlemen of the Commission : There are many things which I 
should be glad to do that I cannot do. I should be glad to put every 
member of this commission upon the place he would like best. But 
there is an abundance of work to do for each State and Territory, and I 
hope each member will endeavor to keep something upon the question 
before the people of his section. He will be in constant communication 






64 EEPOET OF THE U. S. CENTENNIAL COMMISSION. 

with the officers of the commission, and will be able, from time to time, 
to start some interesting items concerning its doings. Doubtless some 
sort of local organizations will be started in each State and Territory. 
The commissioners can promote these organizations of all kinds, no 
matter what. Our first business is to explain the exposition to the peo- 
ple and interest them in it. 

If the people of this country are once heartily and intelligently inter- 
ested in the work of the commission, its success is insured. It can be 
done, and it will be done, for whatever of that kind the American people 
take a notion to do, they can do, and will do it splendidly. The exposi- 
tions in London and Paris modified the industries of Europe. Some 
people think this is a mere show. It is a great mistake. Our manu- 
facturers will all find it a great benefit. Some sections of the country 
will find there are manufactures which they can introduce. 

It will elevate intellectual character and improve the social inter- 
course between the sections. I give considerable value to the sentiments 
of fraternal feeling uttered this morning. 

The United States Government spent two or three hundred thousand 
dollars upon the Paris exposition. It was a matter of courtesy to some 
extent, but I have no doubt it paid us well. We all know Pennsylvania 
will do whatever is liberal, but the United States Government should 
contribute in the way of marginal expense. 



(Form No. 10.) 
1776— INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION, PHILADELPHIA— 1876. 

Office of the United States Centennial Commission, 

Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, October, 1872. 

The anniversary of the Independence of the United States in the year 
1876 is to be celebrated by an exhibition of the products, arts, and in- 
dustries of the country, and of the world. This is in accordance with 
an act of Congress approved March 3, 1871. By this act, the task of 
preparing and superintending the exhibition was imposed upon the Uni- 
ted States Centennial Commission, consisting of two members from each 
of the States and Territories. The commissioners have twice met in 
general session, a permanent organization has been effected, and the 
chief outlines of the plan for the exhibition have been agreed upon. 

This exhibition is to be international and universal — international, 
inasmuch as all nations will be invited to participate in it; and uni- 
versal, because it will include a representation of all natural and arti- 
ficial products, all arts, industries, and manufactures, and all the varied 
results of human skill, thought, and imagination. 

The outlines of a simple yet comprehensive classification have been 
adopted. There will be ten departments, each subdivided in ten groups, 
and these again into classes. The details of this classification are now 
being elaborated, and will be published in due season, together with 
such rules and regulations as may be found necessary for the proper 
conduct and management of the exhibition. 

It is intended tha*t ample space shall be assigned to each State, Terri- 
tory, and foreign country, for a just and proper display of their pro- 
ducts. It is believed that not less than fifty square acres of floor space, 
under roof, will be required for this purpose. A site combining the ad- 
vantages of a sufficient extent of level ground, with picturesque 
and cultivated surroundings, easy of access by rail, water, and by ordi- 



SECTION III GENERAL PURPOSES, ETC. 65 

nary roads, has been assigned for the buildings and grounds at Fair- 
mount park, in the city of Philadelphia. The exhibition will open in 
April and close in October. 

Each State of the Union will be expected to send its peculiar pro- 
ducts, illustrating its resources, both developed and undeveloped. A 
complete exhibition of this kind by all the States will afford the means 
of comparing their industrial condition and capabilities. The products 
of mining and of agriculture will occupy a large portion of the space 
allotted to each State, and will receive their just share of attention in 
this universal display. 

An undertaking so patriotic in its conception, so vast in its propor- 
tions, and so useful in its results, commends itself to the hearty sym- 
pathy and support of an intelligent people. Patriotism, as well as an 
\ appreciation of the industrial, educational, and moral influences of well- 
organized exhibitions, should impel all citizens to lend a helping hand. 
It is the duty of the commission to prepare the way and open the doors, 
but the people, in their sovereign right and strength, must make the ex- 
hibition. By their aid, alone, can it be made a just and comprehensive 
display of the industrial, intellectual, and moral development of the 
nation during the first century of its existence. 

The commission not only relies with confidence upon the aid of the 
people in general, but it hopes to receive the co-operation of the many 
State societies and organizations which for so many years have aided in 
directing and realizing the popular demand for agricultural and indus- 
trial exhibitions. The desire to secure, at an early date, your efficient 
co-operation has led to this communication, which is made at the request 
of the executive committee of the commission. 

Permit me, in closing, to suggest that the facts herein stated might, 
with great advantage to the exhibition, be communicated as publicly as 
possible to your members and exhibitors, and that, if agreeable, they 
should be incorporated in your printed reports. A committee of your 
members might be appointed to consider and suggest such measures as 
may appear most desirable to promote the success of the object for 
which the Centennial Commission is appointed. A general plan for the 
organization of co-operative centennial associations in the several States 
and Territories is now under consideration, and when perfected will be 
published for distribution. 

Please acknowledge the reception of this communication. 
Very respectfully, your obedient servant, 

WM. PHIPPS BLAKE, 

Executive Commissioner. 

A circular substantially the same as the above was also sent to scien- 
tific, industrial, and commercial organizations. 



(Form No. 29.) 
1776— UNITED STATES CENTENNIAL COMMISSION— 1876. 

To the people of the United States : 

Congress, recognizing and responding to the patriotic wishes of the 
people, provided, by acts approved March 3, 1871, and June 1, 1872, 
respectively, that in the year 1876 the centennial anniversary of the 
H. Mis. 99 5 



66 REPORT OF THE U. S. CENTENNIAL COMMISSION. 

Independence of the United States of America shall be celebrated, at the 
city of Philadelphia, by an international and universal exhibition of the 
grandest and most comprehensive character. 

The first of those acts provided for the appointment of the United 
States Centennial Commission, consisting of two members from each 
State and Territory, to organize and conduct the exhibition. That 
commission has been duly constituted, and has actively entered upon its 
duties. 

By the second act, in order to secure the mone^ necessary for the 
expenses of this exhibition and celebration, Congress incorporated the 
Centennial Board of Finance, as auxiliary to the Centennial Commission, 
and provided for the issue of stock to the amount of ten millions of dol- 
lars, in one million shares of ten dollars each, an amount which, if 
assessed equally among the people, would not require more than twenty- 
five cents from each person. 

In creating the Centennial Board of Finance, Congress had also in view 
the general distribution of the stock among the people of the States and 
Territories in the ratio of their population. The people, in accordance 
with the provisions of the act, now have the opportunity to become 
owners of the stock, and to share in the management in proportion to 
the amount they subscribe. 

Books will remain open in the hands of the agents until the 1st day 
of March next, when the stockholders who have then subscribed will be 
notified of the time for the election of the board of directors, which will 
be after thirty days' notice. At the time of subscribing to the stock, 
an installment of two dollars per share must be paid to the agent; after 
the organization of the Board of Finance, the balance due will be payable 
when called for by them, in installments of two dollars per share, which 
will not be earlier than May, July, September, and November of 1873, 
or the whole amount may be paid at the time of subscribing. After the 
organization the agents of the Board of Finance will receive subscriptions 
without regard to the quota allotted to each State. 

An undertaking so patriotic in its conception, so vast in its propor- 
tions, and so useful in its results, commends itself to the hearty sym- 
pathy and support of an intelligent people. Patriotism, as well as an 
appreciation of the beneficial influences of well-organized exhibitions, 
should impel all citizens to lend a helping hand. It is the duty of the 
commission to prepare the way and open the doors, but the people, in 
their sovereign right and strength, must make the exhibition. By their 
aid alone can it be made a just and comprehensive display of the indus- 
trial, intellectual, and moral development of the nation during the first 
century of its existence. 

Each subscriber will receive, after the organization of the board, a 
large engraved certificate of stock, executed in the Treasury Department 
of the United States, in the best style of the engraver's art, bearing 
designs illustrating our national progress, and commemorative of the 
centennial exhibition. 

It is hoped that there will be no pecuniary loss to any subscriber j but 
should there be, the certificate will in value go far toward compensating 
for any such loss, not only as a beautiful work of art, but as an heir-loom 
to be handed down from generation to generation, doing perpetual honor 
to the patriotism of the subscriber. The names of the subscribers will 
also appear in the printed records of this great national celebration. 

By an early subscription you will be identified with the grand indus- 
trial monument which the willing and patriotic hands of American citi- 
zens will rear to testify their veneration for their self-sacrificing ancestors, 



SECTION III GENERAL PURPOSES, ETC. 67 

and to mark the progress made in a century under the operation of a 
free government. • 

DANIEL J. MORRELL, Pennsylvania, Chairman. 

JOHN V. L. PEUYN, New York, 

GEORGE H. CORLISS, Rhode Island, 

JOHN G. STEVENS, New Jersey, 

GEORGE B. LORING, Massachusetts, 

JAMES T. EARLE, Maryland, 

JOHN LYNCH, Louisiana, 

WALTER W. WOOD, Virginia, 

ALFRED T. GOSHORN, Ohio, 

Executive Committee. 

See also papers under heading of "Addresses to the people." 



(32.) 
1776— INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION, PHILADELPHIA— 1876. 

Office of the United States Centennial Commission, 

No. 904 Walnut street, Philadelphia, Pa., February, 1873. 

To the clergy and religious associations of the United States : 

The clergy of all denominations in the United States are well aware 
that the centennial anniversary of our independence as a nation' is to be 
celebrated in the city of Philadelphia, in 1876, in accordance with the 
terms 0£ the act of Congress, by an exhibition of the art and industry of 
all the nations^ of the earth. That exhibition will not be merely a 
gigantic "world's fair," devoted exclusively to the material world; but 
it is designed to be a complete epitome of human progress, appealing to 
the profoundest sentiments of the devout and philanthropic ; calling for 
their prayers, their labors, their hearty, prompt, and active co-operation, 
and that of every citizen interested in the welfare of mankind. 

Occupying a prominent place in the grandest classification of objects 
and subjects ever adopted for any exhibition, is Group 104, comprehend- 
ing the general subject of "Religious organizations and systems," and 
subdivided into classes as follows :* 

Class 1040. Origin, nature, growth, and extent of various religious 
systems and sects. Statistical and historical and other facts. 

Class 1041. Religious orders and societies, and their objects. 

Class 1042. Societies and organizations for the propagation of systems 
of religion by missionary effort ; their extent, conduct, and statistics of 
their operations. 

Class 1043. Spreading the knowledge of religious systems by publica- 
tions — specimens of the publications of the Bible and Tract Society, 
American Sunday-School Union, &c, and statistics. 

Class 1044. Systems and methods of religious instruction and train- 
ing for the young. Teaching, in the family. Sabbath-school furniture 
and apparatus, &c. 

This group in the classification is subject to revision and enlargement, 
should necessity or expediency require it. The solemn duty devolves 
upon all who are actively engaged or interested in the cause of religion 
of -co-operating and laboring with zeal toward making the representa- 

*The representation under these classes will be by memoirs or statements, writteH 
or printed, except furniture, apparatus, &c. 



68 REPORT OF THE U. S. CENTENNIAL COMMISSION. 

tion under each of the classes such as shall do justice to the great 
organizations and systems which extend throughout our land and con- 
stitute our claim to a fellowship among the Christian nations. This 
group affords the broadest basis for religious representation. But itis not 
limited in its scope or range. It is designed to receive any visible or 
tangible representation of the condition and progress of any faith, creed, 
denomination, or sect. 

Let us consider, with all reverence and awe, of what this great exhibi- 
tion is commemorative. It marks our estimate of a political event of 
more momentous import in universal history than any which had oc- 
curred before, or any which has succeeded it, in its bearing upon the 
destinies of the human race 5 especially in establishing upon indestructi- 
ble foundations that freedom of conscience in matters of religious faith 
which is so fully enjoyed throughout our wide domain. It is com- 
memorative of the birth of a nation whose progress is absolutely with- 
out any parallel in the world's experience. 

The commemoration of the birthday of our nation, after a century of 
such prosperity, expansion, and progress, and after such a development 
of the material resources of this mighty continent ! What should it be, 
to make it worthy of the people so blessed ? 

If we are the Christian nation we are reputed to be, you cannot, if 
you would, divest it of its character as an oblation to the Most High, 
and as a crucial test before Him and mankind of our estimate of the 
blessings we enjoy ; of the sincerity of our patriotism $ of our apprecia- 
tion of civil and religious liberty ; and of our sense of duty as a member 
of the great community of nations. It must be either all this or nothing 
in its moral import. It must, by its magnitude, its thoroughness of 
representation, and its moral and intellectual grandeur, manifest, in the 
presence of the thronging millions of our countrymen, and before the 
assembled delegations of all countries, so far as possible, our gratitude 
to God, the source of our prosperity and happiness as a people. 
~ Presenting a review of the past in every sphere of useful industry, art, 
or mental activity, as an inspiring and suggestive guide for the future, 
it should form a starting-point from which we may enter, by a new and 
elevated vantage-ground, upon the course of improvement which is open 
to us in the coming century. It is a great national festival in which 
the prominence and influence of the religious element in our life as a 
people should not be ignored. They will depend for their illustration 
upon the part taken by the clergy and religious associations of all de- 
nominations in the movement. The clergy should awaken their congre- 
gations by carefully considered and earnest representations of the mani- 
fold advantages of the complete success of the celebration to religion 
and in every other respect. The profound and far-reaching religious 
influences which, through this mighty agency, may be made to mould 
and guide th°, religious character and sentiment of the age, upon higher 
and higher standards of conduct of life and earnestness of faith, should 
be clearly set forth. 

The whole moral and religious tone and effect of this stupendous pre- 
sentation of the varied agencies and instrumentalities represented by 
the comprehensive word " progress," may be controlled by the great 
and influential body to whom the. people look for religious instruction, 
in such a manner as to confer inestimable blessings upon the genera- 
tions who are so soon to fill our places in the ranks of life. Neglect of 
this golden opportunity may, on the other hand, prove an irreparable 
misfortune to the cause of religious advancement, by the surrender of 
the great temple of art and industry to the spirit of materialism, de- 






SECTION III GENERAL PURPOSES, ETC. 69 

prived, in a great measure, of the hallowing influence which should 
consecrate material blessings as gifts for the use and benefit of man, 
designed, in promoting his comfort and happiness, to inspire in his 
heart a grateful recognition of the power and love of the Divine source 
from which they emanate. 

So grand a subject — one so closely connected with the spiritual wel- 
fare of the race, may well become the theme of Heaven-inspired elo- 
quence from every pulpit in the land — not in mere passing reference, 
but in exhaustive presentation of the endless catalogue of reasons in 
favor of carrying out the duly enrolled fiat of the national will, as ex- 
pressed through the acts of Congress. 

The nation stands committed to the project, before the world. Ee- 
traction now would be a ludicrous and disgraceful failure of the Great 
Republic which assumes to lead the vanguard of progress, to do what 
England, France, Germany, and other powers have done, and what 
Austria is just about to do for the instruction and entertainment of man- 
kind, and that too after having declared our purpose to do it, and to do 
it on a grander scale than any of our predecessors. We believe that no 
thought of failure is tolerated in any patriotic mind, or in any heart 
that has a spark of national pride. Yet many are displaying an apathy 
and procrastination which, if not corrected, would prove fatal to that 
supreme success which alone will comport with the prestige and dignity 
of the nation. It is simply because they have no correct idea of the 
importance of time as the first essential of success. 

The success or failure of this undertaking is before the people, de- 
pendent entirely upon the deliberate decision which their action, in re- 
gard to subscriptions, will constitute. 

The National Commission selected by the governors, and appointed 
and confirmed by the General Government, are powerless to proceed 
further than they have done, until the voice of the people proclaims to 
them, through the subscription-books, that the necessary capital is suffi- 
ciently assured to warrant them in erecting the buildings and perfecting 
the arrangements for inviting foreign exhibitors. 

Here it is that the importance of time for preparation after the decision 
of the people is known becomes apparent. It is no less essential than 
money. 

Foreign nations must have time to consider and act upon the invita- 
tion, and, in many cases, to await the action of their legislative assem- 
blies before deciding, organizing their commissions, and making the 
necessary appropriations ; and if they do not have ample time, they 
cannot be expected to accept. 

They cannot be invited or notified by the President of the United 
States until, according to the terms of the act of Congress, the gov- 
ernor of the State of Pennsylvania shall have informed him that pro- 
vision has been made for the erection of suitable buildings for the pur- 
poses of the exhibition. 

Foreign countries and our own country have to be canvassed, and the 
people informed of the nature of the exhibition. Careful selections 
must be made from articles representing every industry and resource. 
Ample time will be required for the production of works of art and 
large machinery and many other articles which impart splendor and 
instructiveness to such exhibitions. 

Besides the consumption of time in the transportation of articles from 
abroad, much will be consumed in the erection of the vast buildings, 
and the arrangement of the goods in them. 

The inclosed printed papers contain information as to the organiza- 



70 REPORT OF THE U. S. CENTENNIAL COMMISSION. 

tion of the Centennial Board of Finance, and the general purposes of 
the exhibition. 

Your attention to the subject, in all its bearings upon the temporal 
and spiritual welfare of the people, is most respectfully invited. 

By order of the executive committee of the United States Centennial 
Commission. 

WILLIAM P. BLAKE, 

Executive Commissioner. 

Executive Committee. — Daniel J. Morrell, chairman, Pennsylvania; 
John Y. L. Pruyn, New York ; George H. Corliss, Rhode Island ; John 
G. Stevens, New Jersey ; George B. Loring, Massachusetts ; James T. 
Earle, Maryland ; John Lynch, Louisiana ; Walter W. Wood, Virginia ; 
Alfred T. Goshorn, Ohio. 



SECTION 4. 
CLASSIFICATION. 

March 11, 1872. 

Mr. Blake, of Connecticut, spoke as follows, to wit : 

Mr. President : The provisions of the act under which we have been 
brought together impose upon us the duty, among others, of preparing 
a plan for an exhibition of American and foreign arts, products, and 
manufactures. It is intended that this exhibition shall contain the 
objects and products of the whole range of human industry in every 
country. One of the first questions arising is, under what general plan 
shall this great diversity of objects be arranged % Are we to place them 
within the walls of a building so as to best please the eye and promote 
the general effect, regardless of the source or the nature of the articles, 
or shall we adopt a plan by which, the products and objects from each 
country being kept together, they shall at the same time be grouped 
according to a common system, and such a system as will best facilitate 
the comparison and study of similar classes of objects and promote 
the higher purposes of such exhibitions ? An arrangement of the kind 
suggested is possible. It may be called both geographical and system- 
atic, these two elements being combined. In order, therefore, to express 
the sense of the commission upon this point, I offer the following reso- 
lution : 

Mesolved, That the arrangement and classification of objects shall be 
both geographical and systematic, and that a committee of three shall 
be appointed by the president to prepare and report a system of classi- 
fication and arrangement combining these two elements. 

The resolution was read and unanimously adopted. 

The chair announced that he had appointed as the committee on classi- 
fication, under the resolution, William P. Blake, of Connecticut; John 
L. Campbell, of Indiana; and Joshua Nye, of Maine. 

May 25, 1872. 

Mr. Blake, of Connecticut, from the committee on classification and 
arrangement, submitted the following report of progress made in the 
preparation of a system of classification for the exposition of 1876, to 
wit: 

We have the honor of submitting for your consideration and adop- 
tion, the outlines of an original classification, differing in many import- 
ant respects from any yet proposed. In its preparation we have not 
been unmindful of the great efforts in this direction heretofore made, 
and we have consulted the several systems which have been tried at the 






SECTION IV CLASSIFICATION. 71 

leading great exhibitions. In all of these there have been recognized 
defects and deficiencies, and these defects we have striven to avoid, but 
will not assume that what we now offer is without fault. The difficulties 
of the task you have imposed upon us cannot be known to any one 
without entering in earnest upon the work. The great diversity of nat- 
ural products, both inorganic and organic, and of the manufactured 
products, aud of the industries of mankind, must all be passed in review. 
A fitting place must be assigned to each and every product and result. 
The grouping must be such as to bring into contiguity such objects as 
can be compared ; objects alike in their nature or in their origin, and 
yet we must regard arbitrary relationships already established by pro- 
ducers and by trade. In many cases it becomes difficult to decide in 
what class or group objects should be appropriately placed ; and here 
experience and the best interest of the exhibition must be our guide. 
In the formation of the system now offered the governing idea or con- 
ception has been to group together objects in the following order: 

1. The natural products useful to man, or the basis of manufactures. 

2. The manufactures and results of the combinations of these prod- 
n cts. 

3. The means and appliances by which such results have been accom- 
plished. 

4. The resultant effects of such productive activity. 

This is a comprehensive general expression of our classification. We 
place first the raw materials, and then in succession the results of their 
use by man, leaving until the last the higher achievements of intellect 
and imagination. 

It is a natural and simple classification, and we think is calculated to 
show effectively — more effectively than any other system — the develop- 
ment of man, the progress of the arts and of civilization. 

We propose ten comprehensive divisions, to be named departments, as 
follows : 

DEPARTMENT I. 

Raw materials — mineral, vegetable, and animal, and their 
immediate derivatives. 

DEPARTMENT II. 

Materials— the result of manufacturing processes, chemi- 
cal COMPOUNDS, MANUFACTURES, AND PRODUCTS. 

DEPARTMENT III. 

Textile and felted fabrics, including ready-made clothing 

and costumes, &c. 

DEPARTMENT IV. 

Furniture and manufactures of general use. 

DEPARTMENT V. 

Tools, implements, motors, machines, and processes. 

DEPARTMENT VI. 

Apparatus and methods of transportation. 

DEPARTMENT VII. 

Apparatus and methods for the increase and diffusion of 

knowledge. 



72 



REPORT OF THE U. S. CENTENNIAL COMMISSION. 



DEPABTMENT VIII. 

Civil, mining- and military engineering, public works and 

architecture. 



DEPARTMENT IX. 

Fine arts. 
DEPARTMENT X. 
Objects illustrating the methods and the results of efforts 



FOR THE IMPROVEMENT OF 
MORAL CONDITION OF MAN. 



THE PHYSICAL, INTELLECTUAL, AND 



We propose to subdivide each of these departments into ten groups, 
and each group into ten classes, thus giving abundance of latitude for 
the appropriate reference and classification of any object. It was one 
of the defects of the classification of 1867 that there were not enough 
classes. The arrangement we now propose not only remedies this diffi- 
culty, but it also gives us elasticity and an opportunity for expansion 
under every group and under every department, an advantage that 
only those who have had to deal with exhibitions can fully understand 
and appreciate. By assigning ten groups to each department, we do 
not intend in all cases to specify and name every one of these groups 
at the outset. If we can properly put all that belongs in each depart- 
ment into five, or six, or eight groups, we propose to do so, leaving the 
other numbers blank ; so also of the classes. Each of the groups per- 
mits ten classes. In some cases the objects included by the groups can 
with propriety be placed in less than ten classes. But as the work pro- 
gresses, and new inventions are made, and new manufactures or pro- 
cesses arise, we may, under the plan suggested, institute a new class, or 
a new group, without changing the title or place of those already estab- 
lished. This brings us to the consideration of the system of notation. 

The departments will be numbered from I to X, and the groups from 
1 to 100, while the classes will be numbered from 1 to 1,000. Thus, the 
number of any class will at once indicate the group and the department 
to which it belongs. This is a system similar to that upon which the 
houses are numbered in the city of Philadelphia, where the number of 
the house at once indicates its location with respect to the streets. 

The notation will be better understood upon examining the annexed 
table : 

Table showing the notation of the departments, groups, and classes. 



Departments. 


Groups. 


Classes. 


I 


1-10 
11-20 
21-30 
31-40 
41-50 
51-60 
61-70 
71-80 
81-90 
91-100 


1-100 


II 


101-200 


Ill 


201-300 


IV 


301-400 


V 


401-500 


VI 


501-600 


VII 


601-700 


VIII 


701-800 


IX 


801-900 


X 


901-1000 







This notation was subsequenty changed, as will be seen further on. 






SECTION IV — CLASSIFICATION. 73 

In illustration of the subdivision of departments into groups and 
classes, we introduce the folio wiug tentative examples, premising that 
they are as yet preliminary and subject to such revision and changes as 
in the progress of our work we may fiud necessary. 

DEPARTMENT I. 

raw 3iaterials— mineral, vegetable, and animal, and their 
immediate derivatives. 

Group 1. 
Minerals and ores. (Classes 1-10.) 

Group 2. 
Metallurgical products. (Classes 11-20.) 

Group 3. 

Cereals, seeds, and grasses— wheat, corn, barley, oats, rye, &c. 
(Classes 21-30.) 

Group 4. 

Plants, flowers, &c. (Classes 31-40.) 

Group 5. 
Fruits, root crops, &c. (Classes 41-50.) 

Group 6. 
Forest products and vegetable fibers. 

Class 51. — Logs, timber, planks, boards, lumber. 
Class 52. — Shingles, pickets, shooks, hoops, &c, doors, windows, 
blinds, moldings, worked lumber. 
Class 53. — Barks, dye-woods, gums, resins, vegetable ivory. 
Class 54. — Fibrous plants, fibers. 

Group 7. 

Animals, live stock, and animal products. (Classes 61-70.) 

Group 8. 

Fish and other marine and fresh water products. (Classes 
71-80.) * 
We will take for another example one group of the third department. 

DEPARTMENT III. 

Textile and felted fabrics, including ready-made clothing 

and costumes. 

Group 21. 
Woolen yarns and fabrics. 



74 REPORT OF THE U. $, CENTENNIAL COMMISSION. 

Class 201. — Card wool fabrics — yarns, cloths, broad-cloths, doeskins ? 
fancy cassimeres. 

Class 202 — Flannels — plaia, dometts, opera, and fancy. 

Class 203 — Blankets, robes, shawls. 

Class 204 — Worsted or combed- wool fabrics — yarn, dress goods for 
women's wear, delaines, serges, poplins, merinos. 

Class 205 — Knit goods, hosiery, and fancy goods. 

Class 206 — Felts and feltings, other than carpets. 

Class 207 — Carpets — Brussels, Wiltons, tapestry, tapestry Brussels, 
Axminster, Venetian, ingrain, and feltings. 

These two examples suffice to show how the ten departments are to 
be filled out, and the opportunity there is in each for expansion. It will 
be observed that no special place is assigned in this classification to 
objects of antiquity or to displays illustrating the progress of inventions. 
This omission is intentional. The proper place for such objects is in 
contiguity with objects for similar purposes, as, for example, in the group 
assigned to tools and implements we may place the stone axes and 
chisels of pre-historic times and of existing sava'ge tribes. In the class 
assigned to boats we may place the canoes of ancient and modern date. 
But we may also, in following out the geographical element of our plan, 
give a section of the entire range of products and industry to objects of 
historical interest, especially to those showing the progress of industry 
and invention in the United States during the century. By so doing, 
each object will find its appropriate place under the classification — the 
printing press of Franklin, for example in the same range with those of 
Hoe, Adams, and Bullock. The cotton-gin of Whitney, yet preserved, 
will stand side by side with those used to-day, and the early efforts to 
construct locomotives will be contrasted with the latest. This is a 
question of arrangement and of allotment of space, rather than one of 
classification, though the two are inseparable. 

SPECIAL EXHIBITIONS. 

It is not intended by this, or by any classification, to preclude addi- 
tional special exhibits or collective exhibitions of any special art or in- 
dustry, nor is it essential in all cases that objects included in any one 
class or group should be placed in exact juxtaposition with other 
objects of the same classes. The nature of the objects themselves 
often prevents this. For example, flowers and trees cannot be grown in 
the building, nor can live stock be placed within the walls. In such 
cases, however, their appropriate position in the classification may be 
indicated by stuffed or preserved specimens, thus preventing any break 
in the visible realization of the system. 

We believe that you will find the ten departments proposed suffici- 
ently comprehensive, and that the fully elaborated classification under 
them will prove to be satisfactory. The detail can be filled in hereafter 7 
but it would be well to adopt these grand divisions as the basis, recog- 
nizing at the same time the principle of geographical as well as syste- 
matic arrangement of the objects. 

Kespectfully submitted. 

WM. P. BLAKE, Chairman. 
JOHN. L. CAMPBELL. 
• JOSHUA NYE. 

In the discussion which followed the reading of the report, attention 
was specially directed by Mr. Blake to the fact that the commission had, 
at the former meeting, voted to adopt an arrangement of the objects 



SECTION IV CLASSIFICATION. 75 

that would be at once geographical and systematic, so that while the 
productions of any country or state were kept together in a given space 
or section of the building, they would at the same time conform to the 
systematic classification. This was proposed in the report presented by 
the committee on classification at the first meeting, and having been 
approved, was made the basis of the information given to the architects 
of the country for their general guidance in preparing plans. 
The report having been read, 

Mr. Byrd, of Alabama, offered the following, to wit : 
Resolved, That the ten departments recommended by the committee 
on classification be adopted as the basis of the classification for the 
Centennial Exhibition, and that said committee be instructed to proceed 
to complete the same on the plan recommended, and also prepare a 
premium list, and a system of awards, and report at the next meeting 
of the commission. 
Which having been read, and the question being on the resolution, 
Mr. Goshorn, of Ohio, moved to amend the resolution, by striking 
out all after the word resolved, and inserting the following, to wit : 
" That the committee on classification be instructed to proceed to com- 
plete the system of classification on the basis of the departments re- 
ported, which division is hereby adopted, and that as soon as possible 
they transmit the completed report to the executive committee, who 
shall cause the same to be printed, and a copy forwarded to each mem- 
ber of the commission for his examination, and that action on the same 
be taken at the next session of the commission." Which was agreed to. 
The resolution, as amended, was then adopted. 

December 5, 1872. 

Mr. Blake, of Connecticut, chairman of the committee on classifica- 
tion, submitted the following, to wit : 
To the honorable the United States Centennial Commission : 

Gentlemen : Your committee upon classification and arrangement 
has the honor to present herewith a report of the progress made in the 
work committed to us. It is not offered as a final report, for this labor 
is cumulative and progressive, and in respect to the details, at least, 
must be left open and subject to revision as newly developing necessities 
may require. 

We refer to our former reports and explanations, which are recorded 
in our proceedings, and therefore need not do more at this time than to 
lay before you the printed proof-sheets of the system, (Appendix No. 4,) 
in which you will find the leading divisions and grouping under each of 
the ten departments. 
Eespectfully, 

WM. P. BLAKE, 

. Chairman. 

Which having been read, 

Mr. Creigh, of California, moved that the report be laid on the table 
until the meeting to-morrow morning, at which time the commission will 
take it up for consideration. Which was agreed to. 

December 9, 1872. 
The report of the committee on classification, the further considera- 
tion of which was postponed at the session of Saturday, the 7th instant 
to this morning, was taken up. 
Mr. Byrd, of Alabama, offered the following, to wit: 
Resolved, That the report of the committee on classification be ac- 



76 REPORT OF THE U. S. CENTENNIAL COMMISSION. ■ 

eepted, and be referred to the executive committee and the committee 
on classification for revision, with power to fill the blanks in "the system 
of classification." 

Which having been read, and the question being on the resolution, 

The subject was discussed by Mr. Campbell, of Indiana, Mr. Holton, 
of Wisconsin, Mr. Blake, of Connecticut, Mr. Byrd, of Alabama, Mr. 
Loring, of Massachusetts, and Mr. Wood, of Virginia. 

Mr. Byrd, of Alabama, moved that the resolution be amended by in- 
serting after the words " classification be accepted," the words follow- 
ing : " Excluding therefrom such items as are not contemplated in the 
terms and spirit of the original act creating the commission." Which 
was not agreed to. 

The question recurring on the resolution, 

Mr. Wood, of Yirgiuia, moved to amend the resolution by striking 
out all after the word " Kesolved," and inserting in place thereof the 
following, to wit : 

"That the report made by the committee on classification meets, in 
its main features, with the approval of the commission, and it is hereby 
recommitted to the committee." 

The question being on agreeing to the amendment, the yeas and nays 
were required by Mr. Creigh, of California, seconded by Mr. Matthews, 
of Illinois, and resulted as follows : 

Yeas — Connecticut, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Maine, Missis- 
sippi, Missouri, New York, North Carolina, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Ten- 
nessee, Texas, Utah, Virginia, West Virginia, and Wisconsin — 18. 

Nays — Alabama, Arkansas, California, Florida, Georgia, Idaho, Mas 
sachusetts, Michigan, Oregon, and Rhode Island — 10. 

So the question was decided in the affirmative. The question then 
being on the resolution as amended, 

Mr. Birney, of Michigan, moved that the resolution be farther amended 
by adding at the end thereof the words following : " with instructions 
that Group 94, of the report which relates to ecclesiastical matters, be 
limited to material objects, history, and statistics." 

After full discussion by Mr. Pruyn, of New York, Mr. Loring, of Mas- 
sachusetts, Mr. Prosser, of Tennessee, Mr. Campbell, of Indiana, Mr. 
Gantt, of Arkansas, Mr. Blake, of Connecticut, and Mr. Cleveland, of 
New Jersey, 

On agreeing to the motion to farther amend the resolution, the yeas 
and nays were required by Mr. Campbell, of Indiana, seconded by Mr. 
Creigh, of California, and resulted as follows : 

Yeas — Alabama, Arkansas, California, Dakota, Florida, Georgia, 
Idaho, Michigan, Mississippi, New Jersey, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Ehode 
Island, Tennessee, West Virginia, and Wisconsin — 16. 

Nays — Connecticut, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Maine, Massachusetts, 
Missouri, New York, North Carolina, Ohio, and Virginia — 11. 

So the motion was agreed to. The resolution as finally amended was 
agreed to. 

report of progress upon the classification. 

February, 1873. 
Sir : The committee upon classification have made some changes in 
the arrangement of the groups and classes, and propose a modification 
of the notation so as to facilitate references. Instead of commencing 
the notation of the groups with the unit 1, we now propose to make 10 
the initial number among the groups and 100 the initial number for the 



J 



SECTION IV — CLASSIFICATION. 



77 



classes. By this notation the figures for any class determine to the eye 
at once its place in the system ; thus, for example : 

734 gives 7 department, 73 group, 734 class. 

453 gives 4 department, 45 group, 453 class. 

1085 gives 10 department, 108 group, 1085 class. 

603 gives 6 department, 60 group, 603 class. 

100 gives 1 department, 10 group, 100 class. 

The groups are by this system numbered from 10 to 109, and the 

classes from 100 to 1099. The absolute number of groups and classes 

remains as Ibefore. 

The copy of the classification herewith submitted, as a report of pro- 
gress, has been numbered upon this plan. 

The committee still regard the work as incomplete in detail. Sug- 
gestions from those who are familiar with any of the groups and classes 
named are respectfully invited. 

Eespectfully, your obedient servant, 

W. P. BLAKE, 
Chairman of the Committee on Classification. 
Hon. D. J. MOERELL, 

Chairman of the Executive Committee. 

Key to the notation of the classifica- 
tion. 






dept's. 


GROUPS. 


CLASSES. 


I. 


10— 19 


100— 199 


It 


20— 29 


200— 299 


III. 


30— 39 


300— 399 


IV. 


40— 49 


400— 499 


V. 


50— 59 


500— 599 


VI. 


60— 69 


600— 699 


VII. 


70— 79 


700— 799 


VIII. 


80— 89 


800— 899 


IX. 


90— 99 


900— 999 


X. 


100—109 


1000—1099 



78 REPORT OF THE U. S. CENTENNIAL COMMISSION. 

1776— INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION, PHILADELPHIA— 1876. 

SYSTEM OF CLASSIFICATION. 

Subject to revision. 



DEPARTMENT I. 

raw materials — mineral, vegetable, and animal. 
Group 10. 

minerals, ores, building-stones, metals, and metallurgical 

products. 

Class 100. — Metallic and non-metallic minerals, exclusive 
of coal and oil j collections of minerals systematically arranged; 
collections of ores and associated minerals ; geological collections. 

Class 101. — Metallurgical products. — Iron and (steel, copper, 
lead, zinc, antimony, and other metals, the result of extractive pro- 
cesses, with specimens of slags, fluxes, residues, and products of met- 
allurgical processes. 

Class 102. — Mineral combustibles, such as coal, mineral tar, 
# and petroleum. 

This class will include anthracite, semi-bituminous, and bituminous 
coals; cannel coal, jet, brown coal, and lignite ; specimens of coal- waste, 
and of pressed coal ; albertite, asphalt, and asphaltic limestones ; bit- 
umen of India, Trinidad, Mexico, California, and other localities ; 
crude mineral-tar, petroleum in its crude state, as taken from the oil- 
springs or wells. 

Class 103. — Building-stones, marbles, slates, &c— Specimens 
in the rough and hewn, sawed, or polished, of granite, syenite, por- 
phyry, sandstone, limestone, marble, alabaster, serpentine, or other 
rocks, used either for foundation or superstructure of buildings, bridges, 
walls, or other constructions, or for interior decoration in floors, columns, 
wainscoting, &c, or for furniture. 

Specimens of marble of all colors and grades — white, black, or col- 
ored — used either in building, for decoration, for statuary, monuments, 
or for furniture, in blocks or slabs not manufactured. 

Slates in masses, slabs, and split into the various sizes used for roof- 
ing. • 

(For tiles, marble and slate mantels, &c, see Departments II and IV.) 

Class 104. — Clays, kaolin, silex, and other materials for the man- 
ufacture of porcelain, faience, and of glass, bricks, terra-cotta, and tiles 
and fire-brick. Kefractory-stones for lining furnaces, sandstone, steatite, 
&c, and refractory furnace materials. 

Class 105. — Lime, cement, and hydraulic cement of all grades, 
raw and burned, accompanied by specimens of the crude rock or mate- 
rials used. 



SECTION IV CLASSIFICATION. 79 



% 



Class 106. — Lithographic stones, hones, whetstones, grind- 
stones, grinding and polishing materials, such as sand, quartz, 
garnets, crude topaz, diamond, corundum, emery in the roek or pulver- 
ized, and in assorted sizes and grades, as sold for abrading purposes. 

Class 107. — Mineral waters, artesian well-waters, natural 
brines, saline and alkaline efflorescences and solutions. 

Class 108.— Mineral fertilizing substances, sucli as gypsum, 
phosphate of lime, marls, shells, coprolites, &c. — not manufactured. 

Class 109. 

Group 11. 

agricultural products used chiefly for food. 

Class 110. — Cereals and grasses, including straw, hay, corn, and 
various kinds of fodder. 

Class 111. — Root crops. — Potatoes, turnips, beets, carrots, parsnips, 
onions. 

Class 112.— Green vegetables. — Cabbages, cauliflowers, kale, 
beans, peas, squashes, egg-plants, cucumbers, tomatoes, melons, pump- 
kins. 

Class 113.— Fruits of temperate and subtropical regions.— 
Apples, pears, quinces, peaches, nectarines, apricots, plums. 

Class 114. — Tropical fruits. — Oranges, bananas, plantains, lemons, 
pine-apples, pomegranates, figs, cocoa-nuts. 

Class 115.— Grapes and grape culture. — This class will include 
all varieties of the grape under cultivation, whether raised under 
glass or not, though the locality and method of raising will in all cases 
be stated with the specimens sent. It is desirable to have a very full 
representation of the various kinds now raised in such perfection in the 
open air in California, such as the Black Hamburg, Flaming Tokay, 
Muscat, &c. 

Class 116. — Small fruits, berries, &c. — Strawberries, raspber- 
ries, blackberries, blueberries, whortleberries, cherries, &c. 

Class 117. — Dried fruits of all kinds. — Kaisins, figs, prunes, 
plums, prunellas, dates, apples, pears, peaches, cherries, <^c. 

Class 118. — Dried vegetables and seeds, exclusive of cere- 
als, INCLUDING GARDEN AND FLOWER SEEDS. — Peas, beans, pulse, &C. 

Class 119. — Nuts. — Cocoa-nuts, ivory nuts, and the various tropical 
and other nuts and seeds used for food or in the arts. 

Group 12. 

arboriculture and floriculture. 

Class 120.— Fruit trees, and methods of rearing and transplant- 
ing. 

Class 121.— Ornamental trees, and shrubs and methods of rear- 
ing and transplanting. 

Class 122. — Annual and perennial flowering plants, grown 
in the open air, to be exhibited in successive periods accordiag to the 
season. 

Class 123.— Hot-house and conservatory plants, and manage- 
ment of them ; hot-beds, forcing and propagating houses. 

Class 124. — Fruit trees, under glass. 

Class 125. — Orchids and parasitic plants, and their manage- 
ment or treatment. 



80 REPORT OF THE U. S. CENTENNIAL COMMISSION. 

Class 126. — Ferns, and the best method of growing them under 
glass in hot houses, or in cases, or in the open air ; ferneries. 

Class 127.— -Cactacea. 

Class 128. — Aquatic plants. 

Class 129. — Growing crops. — Grasses, cereals, tubers, roots, kitchen 
garden vegetables, and methods of growing. 

Group 13. 
forest products. 

Class 130.— Logs and sections of trees, samples of wood and 
timber of all kinds generally used in construction or manufactures, 
either in the rough or hewed, sawed or split, including square timber, 
joists, scantling, plank, and boards of all sizes and kinds commonly 
sold for building purposes. Also ship-timber, as used in ship-building, 
or for masts and spars ; piles ; timber for fencing, for posts, or for tim- 
bering shafts of mines. Miscellaneous collections of wood illustrative 
of the various kinds and the purposes to which they are applied. 

Class 131. — Worked timber or lumber, in form of clapboards, 
shingles, sheathing or flooring-casings, moldings, and stair-rails. 

Class 132. — Ornamental wood, used in decorating and for furni- 
ture ; veneers of hard and fancy woods ; mahogany logs, crotches and 
veneers; rosewood, satin-wood, ebony, bird ? s-eye maple, madrona, black- 
walnut veneers, and other fancy woods, suitable for, and used for, orna- 
mental purposes. 

Class 133. — Timber prepared in various ways to resist decay y 
kyanized timber. 

Class 134.— Dyeing, tanning, and coloring. — Dyewoods, barks, 
and various vegetable substances in their raw state, used for dying and 
coloring. ;~ rr.^ 

a. Logwood, Brazil-wood, peach-wood, fustic, sumac. 

b. Barks of various kinds, Brazilian, acacias, oak, hemlock^ 
murici, bicida, gordonia. 

c. Galls, excrescences, and abnormal woody products. 

d. Mosses used for dyeing and coloring. 

Class 135. — Cellular substances. — Corks, and substitutes for 
corks, of vegetable growth; porous woods for special uses; pith, rice 
paper, &c. 

Class 136. — Lichens, mosses, pulu, ferns, and vegetable sub- 
stances used for bedding, for upholstery, or for mechanical purposes, as 
teazels, Dutch rushes, scouring grass, &c. 

Class 137. — Gums, resins, vegetable wax or tallow, wax, 
HONEY, including caoutchouc, Senegal, tragacanth, Arabic, myrrh, 
copal, &c. 

Class 138. — Seeds and fruits, for ornamental purposes ; vegetable 
ivory, coquilla nuts, cocoanut shells, ganitrus beads, bottle gourds, &c. 

Class 139. — Miscellaneous products. 

Group 14. 

AROMATIC, OLEAGINOUS, SAPONACEOUS, STIMULATING, AND NARCOTIC 
SUBSTANCES OF VEGETABLE GROWTH. VEGETABLE DRUGS AND 
PERFUMES. 

Class 140. — Tobacco of all varieties, and in its various stages 
of growth and curing, in the leaf and crude or manufactured. 



SECTION IV CLASSIFICATION. 81 

Class 141. — Seeds prom which oil is expressed. — Cotton seed, 
mustard seed, rape seed, linseed, sunflower seed, olives, palm-nuts, 
castor beans, oil-cake, and residues of the oil manufacture. 

Class 142. — Spices and condiments. — Pepper, cinnamon, mace, 
nutmegs, cloves, capsicum, vanilla, pimento, cardamons, ginger, mustard. 

Class 143. — Tea and the various substitutes for tea used in 
different countries. — Of teas, all varieties, and in the various 
stages of preparation for the market, and in the various styles and 
modes of packing. 

Class 144. — Coffee, chocolate, cocoa, chiccory, and the 
various substitutes for coffee. 

Class 145. — Plants, flowers, roots, leaves, and herbs, used 
in beer-making and in pharmacy. — Hops, sarsaparilla, winter-green, 
spruce leaves, cinchona, cascarilla, cusparia, and other barks. 

Class 146.— Saponaceous plants, leaves, roots, seeds, barks, 
&o. / 

Class 147.— Vegetable drugs and perfu3ies. 

Group 15. 
fibrous substances of vegetable or of animal origin used ln 

THE ARTS. 

Class 150. — Cotton in the boll, and cleansed from seeds, as ready 
for the market, and of all grades and varieties — uplands, low middling, 
sea island, Chinese, Indian, &c. 

Class 151. — Flax, hemp. Jute, Ramie, &c, in their various stages 
of preparation, and all similar fibres, such as the cabonya, of Santo 
Domingo ; from plants of the aloe family, pine-apple fiber, China grass, 
nettle fibre, plain tain ; substitutes for hemp. 

Class 152.— Coir or cocoanut fiber, and other similar substances. 

Class 153. — Wool in the fleece, in bales, or carded. 

Class 154. — Silk in cocoons and reeled. 

Class 155. — Hair for textile purposes, for cordage, for plaster- 
ing, bedding, upholstering, &c. ; for making hair-cloth for covering 
furniture, for sieves, &c. ; for making wigs, curls, fronts, switches, &c. 

(For manufactured hair-work used as clothing or adornment, see 
Department III.) 

Group 16. 

animals, live stock, etc. 

Class 160.— Horses, asses, mules. 

Class 161.— Bulls, Cows, oxen, buffalo, sheep. 

Class 162. — Goats, angora goat, alpaca, llama, camel. 

Class 163.— Swine and methods of rearing, feeding, &c. 

Class 164. — Dogs for hunting, watch dogs, coach dogs, and 
all other varieties. 

Class 165. — Wild animals. — Living wild animals from various 
countries ; elk, deer, antelope, buffalo, bears, wolves, wildcats, and 
other animals, from the Western States and Territories ; stuffed skins. 

Class 166. — Poultry and domestic fowl of all kinds, with 
specimens of their cages, poultry- yards, &c. 

Class 167. — Cage birds, aviaries, &c. 

Class 168. — Eepiles and batrachians. — Turtles, terrapins, frogs, 
&c. 

H. Mis. 99 6 



82 REPORT OF THE U S. CENTENNIAL COMMISSION. 

Class 169. — Insects. — Honey-bees, silk-worms, and silk-worm eggs, 
silk spiders j insects injurious to vegetation or otherwise. 

Group 17. 

fish and aquatic life and fish products. 

Class 170. — Marine mammals. — Seals, cetaceans, &c. ; specimens 
living in aquaria, or stuffed, salted, preserved in alcohol or otherwise. 

Class 171. — Fishes, living or preserved. 

Class 172. — Pickled fish, and parts of fish, used for food. 

Class 173. — Fish, or parts of fish, caviar, sharks^ fins, salted, 
smoked, dried, or otherwise preserved for food. 

Class 174. — Crustaceans, echinoderms, beche-de-mer. 

Class 175. — Mollusks.— Oysters, clams, &c, used for food. 

Class 176. — Fish or fish products used in agriculture or manu- 
factures. Fish glue, isinglass, sounds, fish oil, &c. (See also class 184 
and 220. 

Class 177. — Sponges, sea-weed, and other marine growths 
used for food or in the arts. — Algae, kelp, &c. ; sponges, sea-fans, 
gorgonia, &c. 

Class 178. — Shells, coral, pearls, &c.— Mother-of-pearl, haliotis, 
unio, and other shells of iridescent pearly, luster ; conch shells, finely 
colored, used for cameos and for other purposes ; collections of shells 
systematically arranged, characteristic of each country. 

Coral of all qualities and shades of color, in its crude state, and as 
sold in commerce. 

Pearls of all sizes, colors, and forms, as found. — not mounted. 

Class 179.— Whalebone, shagreen, &c. 

Group 18. 

animal products used as food or as the basis of manufac- 
tures, exclusive of aquatic products. 

Class 180.— The dairy. — Milk, eggs, cream, butter, cheese, 
&c. ; lard, tallow, fats of all kinds. (For spermaceti, &c, see class 222.) 
Class 181. — Skins, peltries, furs, and feathers. 

a. Skins and Furs. — Buffalo, bear, beaver, wolf, fox, muskrat, 
otter, seal, mink, ermine, sable and martin, hare and rabbit, lamb, 
sheep, goat, squirrel, chinchilla, and cat skins, and mats. Skins 
from the tropics, of the lion, tiger, leopard, panther, zebra, antelope, 
&c. Skins of the deer, elk, or horse, tanned or dried with the 
hair on. 

b. Feathers — Of the goose, eider duck, or other fowl, used for bed- 
ding ; for ornament, as the ostrich, marabout, rhea, or vulture, 
osprey, emu, birds of paradise, heron, ibis, swan, turkey, cock, pea- 
cock, "pheasant, (common, copper, or golden,) eagle, and other 
plumes. Also skins of birds used for clothing. 

Class 182.— Leather, parchment, and vellum, of the various 
kinds and styles of finish. 

Oak-tanned leather, hemlock- tanned, dyed leather, enameled or 
" patent leather," curried leather, calf, kip, and seal skin, morocco for 
shoes, book-binding, and pocket-books ; for covering furniture, &c. 
Harness, and saddlery leather j pigskin $ Russia leather, sheepskin, 
buckskin, chamois. 



SECTION IV CLASSIFICATION. 83 

Parchment for commissions, patents, deeds, diplomas, &c. Vellnm 
for similar purposes, and for books and book-binding; for drums and 
tamborines, for gold-beaters' use, &c. 

Class 183. — Ivory, bone, horn, walrus teeth, tortoise-shell. 

Class ASl — Glue, gelatine, isinglass, blood, and its prepar- 
ations. (See also class 17(3.) 

Class 185. — Animal perfumes. — Musk, castoreum, civet, ambergris, 
&c, in their crude state, not manufactured. (For animal oils, &c, see 
class 220.) 

Group 19. 

preserved meats, vegetables, and fruits. 

Class 190. — Salted or pickled meats. — Salt beef, pork. 

Class 191.— Dried and smoked 3IEAt.— Dried beef and jerked beef 
as prepared in Mexico. California, and dry countries, smoked and dried 
beef, and pork, hams, bacon, sausages, Bologna sausages, &c. 

Class 192. — Canned meats, milk, including fish, flesh, aud fowl, 
pates, sardines, &c. (Lobster, oysters.) 

Class 193. — Vegetables, desiccated or in cans or glass hermetically 
sealed, tomatoes, corn, asparagus, &c. 

Class 191 — Pickles, champignons, truffles. 

Class 195. — Fruits in cans or in glass, preserved in syrup or 
alcohol. 

Class 196.— Jellies, jams, marmalades. 



DEPARTMENT II. 

materials and manufactures used for food, or in the arts, 
the result of extractive or combining processes. 

' Group 20. 

extracts and compounds of animal or vegetable origin, 
used chiefly for food. 

Class 200.— Starch and its manufacture. — Starch from all 
sources, from grain, potatoes or other tubers, arrow-root, plantain, meal, 
cassava meal, zamia starch of Santo Domingo, and of Australia j mani- 
oca, tous-les-mois, tapioca, sago, and pearl flour. 

Class 201. — Sugar, molasses, and syrups. — Molasses and syrups 
from all sources, from the sugar-cane, sorghum, the maple, or palm, from 
beets or fruit; and sugar in its various forms and stages of preparation, 
from the brown crude sugars to the crystallized white loaf. 

Class 202. — Confectionery. 

Class 203. — Alcohol and spirituous liquors.— Wine, cider, . 
brandy, rum, whisky, gin, pisko, saki, samshoo. 

a. Ordinary red and white wines, sweet and mulled wines, sau- 
terne, claret, hock, catawba, sparkling wines, cider, perry, and other 
fermented drinks made from the juice of fruit. Fermented drinks 
drawn from vegetable saps, milk, or saccharine substances of any 
kind. 

b. Distilled liquors. — Bum, brandy, brandy, whiskey, gin, pisko,, 
proof spirit. 

c. Cordials. — Absinthe, Curayoa, kirschwasser, &c. 



84 REPORT OF THE U. S. CENTENNIAL COMMISSION. 

Class 204. — Malt liquors, small beer, and soda-water. — 
Beer, ale, porter or stout, lager-beer, root-beer, ginger-beer, ginger-ale, 
soda-water, with or without various syrups, bottled or in fountains. 

Class 205. — Bread, cake, and pastry. — The various forms and 
kinds of bread and rolls, cake and pastry, with or without yeast. 

Class 206. — Biscuit, crackers, pastes, &c. — Sea-biscuit or pilot- 
bread, water, milk, and butter crackers, fancy crackers, Albert biscuit, 
ginger biscuit, Italian pastes, inaccaroni, vermicelli, semouille ; paste in 
fancy forms for soups. 

Class 207. — Compound portable food, meat and vegetable 
extracts. . • 

a. Prepared army rations. 
1). Extract of beef. 
c. Extract of coffee. 

Group 21. 

potash, soda, and ammonia; salt, bleaching-powders, fertil- 
izing compounds, mineral acids. 

Class 210. — Mineral acids, and the methods of manufac- 
ture. — Sulphuric, nitric, and hydrochloric acids. 

Class 211. — The common commercial alkalies, potash, soda, 
and ammonia, with their carbonates. 

Class 212. — Salt and its production. — Salt frpm deposits — native 
salt. Salt by solar evaporation from sea-water. Salt by evaporation 
from water of saline springs or wells. Eock salt, ground and table salt. 

Class 213. — Bleaching-powders and chloride of lime. 

Class 214. — Fertilizing compounds made from bones, guano, 
fish, and other organic sources. 

Class 215. — Fertilizing compounds made from mineral phos* 
phates, potash salts, and other mineral sources. stassfurth 
compounds. 

Class 216. 

Class 217. 

Class 218. 

Class 219. 

Group 22. 

oils, soap, candles, illuminating, and other gases. 

Class 220.— Oils from mineral, animal, and vegetable 

SOURCES. 

a. Befined petroleum, benzine, naphtha, and other products of 
the manufacture. 

b. Oils from various seeds, crude and refined, and of various 
degrees of purity. Olive-oil, cotton-seed oil, palm-oil. 

c. Animal oils, of various kinds, in their refined state. 

d. Oils prepared for special purposes besides lighting and for 
food. Lubricating oils. 

Class 221. — Soaps and detergent preparations. 
Class 222. — Candles, stearine, paraffine, &c, spermaceti. 
Class 223. — Glycerine. 

Class 224. — Illuminating gas and its manufacture. 
Class 225. — Oxygen gas, and its application for heating, lighting, 
metallurgy, and as a remedial agent. 
Class 226. — Chlorine and carbonic acid. 



SECTION IV CLASSIFICATION. 85 

Group 23. 

chemical and pharmaceutical preparations. 

Group 24. 

paints, pigments, dyes, colors, turpentines, oils, and varnishes. 

Group 25. 

patent medicinal compounds, perfumery, essences, pomades, 
cosmetics, aromatic vinegars, etc. 

Group 26. 

cements, artificial stone, concrete, beton. 

Class 260. — Specimens of lime mortar and mixtures, show- 
ing their hardness, strength, durability, &c, with illustrations of the 
processes of mixing, &c. 

Class 261. — Hydraulic and other cements, as used, showing 
their strength and durability. 

• Class 262. — Bet.on mixtures and results. Coignet's beton and 
examples, with illustrations of the processes. 

Class 263. — Artificial stone for building purposes, building blocks, 
cornices, &c. Such, for example, as Ransome's, the Frear, &c. 

Class 264. — Artificial stone mixtures for pavements, walls, or 
ceilings. 

Class 265. — Plasters, mastics, &c. 

Group 27. 
THE ceramic art, terra cotta, faience, porcelain, and glass. 

Class 270. — Bricks, terra cotta, and architectural pottery, &c. 

Class 271. — Fire-clay goods, crucibles, pots, furnaces, &c. 
Chemical stone-ware. 

Class 272. — Tiles. —Plain, enameled, encaustic, and geometric tiles 
and mosaics. Tiles for pavements and for roofing, &c. 

Class 273.— Faience majolica, earthenware and household pottery. 

Class 274. — Porcelain, for purposes of construction and ornament. 

Class 275. — Porcelain ware for table and household use. 

Class 276. — Glass used in construction and for mirrors. 

a. Window glass of various grades of quality and of size. 
J). Plate glass, hammered, and ground or polished. 

Class 277. — Chemical glass-ware, bottles, &c. 

Class 278. — Table and decorative glass-ware. 

Group 28. 

Explosive and fulminating compounds, (in small quantities only, 
and under special regulations, or shown by empty cases and cart- 
ridges.) 

Class 280.— Black powder of various grades and sizes. 



86 REPORT OF THE U. S. CENTENNIAL COMMISSION. 

Class 281. — Nitroglycerine and the methods of using and explod- 
ing. 
Class 282. — Giant powder, dynamite, dualin, &c. 

Group 29. 



DEPABTMESTT III. 

textile and felted fabrics, apparel, costumes, and orna- 
ments for the person. 

Group 30. 

yarns and woven goods of vegetable or mineral materials. 

Class 300. — Woven fabrics of mineral origin. 

a. Wire-cloths, sieve-cloth, wire-screens, bolting-cloth, &c, not 
manufactured. 

b. Asbestos fibre, spun and woven, with the clothing manufac- 
tured from it. 

c. Glass thread, floss, and fabrics. 

Class 301. — Coarse fabrics, of grass, rattan, cocoa-nut, and bark. 

a. Mattings of all kinds, Chinese, Japanese, palm-leaf, grass, and 
rushes. 

b. Floor-cloths of rattan and cocoa-nut fibre. 

Class 302.— Cotton yarns and fabrics, bleached and unbleached, 
but not colored. 

a. Cotton sheeting and shirting, plain and twilled. 

b. Cotton canvas and duck. 

Class 303. — Dyed cotton fabrics, exclusive of prints and calicoes. 

Class 304.— Cotton prints and calicoes, including handkerchiefs, 
shawls, scarfs, &c. 

Class 305. — Linen and fine grass fabrics, uncolored. 

Class 306. — Dyed linen fabrics. 

Class 307. 

Class 1 308. 

Class 309. — Floor oil-cloths, and other painted and enameled 
tissues, and imitations of leather, with a woven base. 

Group 31. 

woven and felted goods of wool and mixtures of wool. 

Class 310. — Card-wool fabrics. — Yarns, broadcloths, doeskins, . 
fancy cassimeres. 

Class 311. — Flannels. — Plain flannels, domets, opera, and fancy. 

Class 312. — Blankets, robes, and shawls. 

Class 313. — Combed-wool fabrics. — Worsted, yarns, dress goods 
for women's wear; delaines, serges, poplins, merinos. 

Class 314.— Carpets, rugs, &c. — Brussels, Melton, tapestry, tapes- 
try brussels, Axminster, Venetian, ingrain, felted carpetings, druggets, 
rugs, &c. 

Class 315. — Hair, alpaca, goat's hair, camel's hair, and other 
fabrics, mixed or unmixed with wool. 



SECTION IV CLASSIFICATION. 87 

Class 316. — Printed and embossed woolen cloths, table cov- 
ers, PATENT VELVETS. 

Class 317. 
Class 318. 
Class 319. 

Group 32. 

silk and silk fabrics and mixtures in which silk is the pre- 
dominating: material. 

Group 33. 

knit goods «and hosiery, including .underwear made of piece 

GOODS. 

Group 34. . 

clothing, ready-made clothing, military clothing, costumes 
and clothing for special objects. 

Group 35. 

hats, caps, boots and shoes, gloves, mittens, etc., straw and 
palm leaf hats, bonnets, and millinery. 

Group 36. 

laces, embroideries, and trimmings for clothing, furniture, 

and carriages. 

Group 37. 

fine jewelry and metallic or mineral ornaments worn upon 

the person. 



Group 38. 

wers, coif 
fans, umbrellas, sun-shades, walking- canes, and other ob- 



ORNAMENTS, ARTIFICIAL FLOWERS, COIFFURES, BUTTONS, TRIMMINGS, 



Group 39. 

paper, pasteboard, card-board, wallpapers, and paper in- 
dustry generally. 



DEPARTMENT IY. 

furniture and manufactures of general use in construction 

and in dwellings. 

Group 40. 

heavy furniture. — Chairs, tables, parlor and chamber suits, office 

aiicl library furniture. 



88 REPORT OF THE U. S. CENTENNIAL COMMISSION.. 

Group 41. 

table furniture. — Glass, china, silver, silver-plate, tea and coffee 
sets, urns, samovars, epergnes. 

Group 42. 

mirrors, stained and enameled glass, cut and engraved win- 
dow-glass, and other decorative objects. 

Group 43. 
apparatus and fixtures for heating, lighting, and cooking. 

Group 44. % 

hardware used in construction, exclusive of tools and im- 
PLEMENTS. — Spikes, nails, screws, tacks, bolts ; locks, latches, bolts, 
hinges, pulleys ; plumbers' and gas-fitters' hardware ; furniture fit- 
tings ; ships' hardware and fittings. 



DEPARTMENT V. 

tools, implements, machines, and processes. 

Group 50. 

machines, tools, and apparatus of mining, metallurgy, chem- 
istry, and the extractive arts. 

Group 51. 

machines, tools, and apparatus of agriculture, and forestry 
and alimentary industry. 

Group 52. 
machines and tools for working wood, metals, or stone. 

Group 53. 

machines and implements of spinning, weaving, felting^ paper- 
making, sewing, and making clothing and ornamental ob- 
JECTS. 

Group 54. 
machines and apparatus for type-setting, printing, stamping, 

[F 

various arts. cutlery. 

Group 55. 

Group 56. 

Group 57. 

Group 58. 

instruments and apparatus of medicine and surgery; of 
l relief to the wounded, sanitary apparatus, and methods. 



SECTION IV CLASSIFICATION. 89 

Group 59. 
instruments and apparatus for the destruction of life ; for 



Class 590.— Cutting instruments, knives, swords, spears, 

DIEKS, &0. 

Class 591. — Fire-arms for sporting and hunting. 

Class 592. — Small fire-arms. 

Class 593. — Light artillery, compound guns, &c. 

Class 594. — Heavy ordnance and its accessories. 

Class 595. — Ammunition, shell, &c. 

Class 596. 

Class 597. 

Class 598. — Fishing implements. —Nets of all kinds, seines, lines, 
hooks, harpoons, spears, &c. ; artificial baits, floats, sinkers, indicators, 
preserving substances for nets, tow ; basket-fishing apparatus j imple- 
ments used in the artificial hatching of fish-eggs. 

Class 599. — Models of basins, beds, wattle fences, vases, boxes, 
and other apparatus used in fish breeding, culture, or preservation ; 
models of fish-pens, wiers, &c.' 






DEPARTMENT VI. 

motors and transportation. 
Group 60. 

motors and apparatus for the generation and transmission 
of power, and for lifting and moving fluids. 

Class 600.— Boilers and all steam or gas-generating appa- 
ratus FOR MOTIVE PURPOSES. 

Class 601.— Water-wheels, water-engines, hydraulic rams, 
wind-mills. 

Class 602. — Steam and air or gas engines. 

Class 603. — Electro-magnetic motor engines. 

Class "604. — Apparatus for the transmission of power. — 
Shafting, pulleys, gearing, friction pulleys, clutches, &c; belting, cables. 
Transmission of power by compressed air j mahovos. 

Class 605.— Pumps and apparatus for lifting and moving 

LIQUIDS. 

a. Ordinary lift and forcing pumps worked by hand. 

b. Lift and plunger pumps for mining, draining, elevating, and 
forcing. 

c. Eotary pumps, centrifugal pumps. 

d. Steam pumps. 
6. Fire-engines. 

/. Steam or air injectors. 

Class 606.— Pumps and apparatus for moving and compress- 
ing air or gases.— Piston air-pumps, for exhausting or for compressing 
air, rotary air-pumps and blowers, ventilators, water stromels. 

Class 607.— Ice-machines. 

Class 608. 

Class 609. 



90 REPORT OF THE U. S. CENTENNIAL COMMISSION. 

Group 61. 

vehicles and apparatus op transportation upon common roads. 

Group 62. 
railways and railway plant. 

Group G3. 
railway rolling stock and apparatus. 

Group 64. 
hoisting and lifting apparatus. 

Group 65. 

transportation upon suspended cables — aerial transporta- 
tion, pneumatic transportation. 

Group 66. 
boats and sailing vessels. 

Group 67. 

steamships, steamboats, propellers, and all vessels propelled 
by steam, or other fixed motors. 

(See also group 69.) 

Group 68. 

Group 69. 

boats or vessels designed for special purposes. 

Class 690. — Vessels for laying telegraph cables. 

Class 691. — Vessels for arctic voyages, for whaling, &c. 

Class 692. — Life-boats and salvage apparatus. 

Class 693. — Dredging boats and boats for the conveyance 
of sand and refuse. 

Class 694. — For transportation of coal or ores, for ice, for 
water, or other bulky substances or objects. 

Class 695. — For the conveyance of railway trains, •freight- 
cars, &c. 

Class 696. — Ferry-boats. 

Class 697. — Refrigerating vessels, see transportation of fresh 
meats and fruits. 



DEPARTMENT VII. 

apparatus and methods for the increase and diffusion of 

knowledge. 

Group 70. 

educational apparatus and methods. 

Class 700.— Objects for the instruction and amusement of 
the young. 



SECTION IV CLASSIFICATION. 91 

Class 701. — School furniture and fittings. 

Class 702. — School apparatus, for experiment and illustration. 

Class 703. — Tabular graphic representations, wall maps, 
cliarts, &e. 

Class 704. — Models,. relief-maps. 

Class 705. — Drawing-books, and instruments and systems of in- 
struction in drawing. 

Class 706. — Writing-books, and systems of instruction in writing. 

Class 707. — Models, casts and carvings, serving as objects for 
free-baud drawing. 

Class 708.— Courses and methods of examination. . 

Class 709. — School discipline and military training in schools. 
Sanitary regulations of scbool-buildiugs. 

Group 71. 

typographic aids to the preservation and dissemination of 

knowledge. 

Class 710.— School and text books. 

Class 711.— Dictionaries, encyclopedias, gazetteers, direc- 
tories, INDEX VOLUMES, BIBLIOGRAPHIES, CATALOGUES, ALMANACS. 

Class 712. — Special treatises. 

Class 713. — General and miscellaneous literature. 

Class 714.— Newspapers. 

Class 715. — Technical and special newspapers and journals. 

Class 716. — Illustrated papers. 

Class 717. — Periodical literature. 

Class 718. 

Class 719. — Works of imagination and fancy. 

Group 72. 
charts, maps, and graphic representations. 

Class 720. — Topographical maps. 

Class 721. — Marine and coast charts. 

Class 722. — Geological maps and sections. 

Class 723. — Botanical, agronomical, and other maps, show- 
ing the extent and distribution of men, animals, and terrestrial products. 
Physical maps. 

Class 724. — Meteorological maps and bulletins, and other 
graphic representations. 

Class 725. — Telegraphic routes and stations. 

Class 726. — Eailway and route maps. 

Class 727. — Terrestrial and celestial globes. 

Class 728. — Belief maps and models of portions of the 
earth's surface. 

Class 729. — Maps and sections of mines— Section models of geo- 
logical formations, and of mines and mineral deposits. 

Group 73. 

telegraphic instruments and methods. 

Class 730. — Batteries and forms of apparatus used in gene- 
rating THE ELEETRICAL CURRENTS FOR TELEGRAPHIC PURPOSES. 



92 REPORT OF THE U. S. CENTENNIAL COMMISSION. 

Class 731. — Conductors and insulators, and methods of sup- 
port. — Marine telegraph cables. 

Class 732. — Apparatus of transmission. — Keys, office accessories, 
and apparatus. 

Class 733. — Receiving instruments, relay magnets, local cir- 
cuits, &c. 

Class 734. — Semaphoric and recording: instruments. 

Class 735. — Codes, signs, or signals. 

Class 736. — Printing telegraphs for special uses. 

Class 737. — Electrographs. 

Class 738.— Dial or cadran systems. 

Class 739.— Apparatus for automatic transmission. 

Group 74. 
instruments of precision, and apparatus of physical re- 



Class 740. — Astronomical instruments, and accessories, used 
in observations. — Transits, transit circles, mural circles, zenith sectors, 
altarimeters, equatorials, collimators. 

Class 741. — Geodetic and surveying instruments. — Transits, the- 
odolites, sextants and artificial horizons, needle compasses, goniometers. 
Instruments for surveying underground in mines, tunnels, aud excava- 
tions. Pocket sextants. Plane tables, and instruments used with them. 

Class 742. — Nautical astronomical instruments. — Sextants, 
quadrants, repeating circles, dip -sectors, &o. 

Class 743. — Leveling instruments and apparatus. — Carpenters' 
and builders' levels, hand levels, water levels, engineers' levels, of all 
patterns and varieties. Cathetometers, leveling staves, targets, and 
accessory apparatus. 

Class 744. — Hydrographic surveying, deep-sea sounding. 

Class 745. — Photometric apparatus and methods. 

Class 746. 

Group 75. 

meteorological instruments and apparatus. 

Class 750. — Thermometers. — Mercurial, spirit, air; ordinary or self- 
registering, maximum and minimum. 

Class 751. — Barometers. 

Class 752. — Aneroid barometers. 

Class 753. — Anemometers. 

Class 754.— Hygroscopes. 

Class 755. — Rain-gauges. 

Class 756. — Meteorographs. — Combined self-registering appara- 
tus. 

Glass 757. — Blanks for recording observations. — Methods of 
recording, reducing, and reporting observations. 

Group 76. 



ratus, other than meteorological. 

Class 760. — Counting machines, calculating engines, arith- 
mometers. 



SECTION IV CLASSIFICATION. 93 

Class 761.— Planimetry. 

Class 702.— Apparatus for printing consecutive numbers. 

Class 763. — Registers of revolutions of parts of machinery. — 
Viaineters or instruments for recording the number of revolutions of 
wagon-wheels upon roads; pedometers, perambulators. 
'Class 764.— Gas-meters'. 

Class 765.— Water-meters, current-meters, ships' logs. 

Class 766. — Manometers — Steam-gauges, dynamometers and appa- 
ratus for indicating pressure. 

Class 767 — Tide registers. 

Group 77. 

weights, measures, and coins ; weighing and metrological 

apparatus. 

Class 770. — Measures of length. — Graduated scales on wood, 
metal, ivory, tape, or ribbo#; steel tapes, chains, rods, comparators. 
Class 771. — Measures of capacity — solids. 
Class 772 — Measures of capacity — liquids. 
Class 773. — Weights. 
Class 774. — Scales and graduated beams for weighing. 

a. Assay balances. 

1). Chemical balances. 

c. Ordinary scales for commercial transaction. 

d. Platform scales for heavy weights ; weighing locomotives and 
trains of cars. 

e. Postal balances. 

Class 775. — Hydrometers, alcohometers, lactometers, &c.; gravi- 
meters. 

Class 776. — Rods and graduated scales for measuring lumber, 
goods in packages, casks, &c.; gaugers' tools and methods. 

Class 777. — Coins and coining. 

Class 778. — Collections to illustrate importance of secur- 



Group 78. 
chronometric apparatus— time measures of all kinds. 

Class 780. — Chronometers; watches. 

Class 781. — Watches. 

Class 782. — Astronomical clocks. 

Class 783.— Church and metropolitan and ordinary clocks. 

Class 78L — Clepsydras, hour-glasses, sun-dials. 

Class 785.— Chronographs, electrical clocks. 

Class 786. — Metronomes. 

Group 79. 
musical instruments and acoustic apparatus. 

Class 790. — Percussion instruments, such as drums, tambourines, 
cymbals, triangles. 
Class 791.— Pianos. 

Class 792.— Stringed instruments other than pianos. 
Class 793. — Automatic musical instruments, music-boxes, &c. 
Class 794.— Wind instuments of metal and of wood. 



94 REPORT OF THE U. S. CENTENNIAL COMMISSION. 

Class 795. — Harmoniums. 

Class 796, — Church organs and other similar instruments. 

Class 797. — Speaking-machines. 

Class 798.— Vocal music. 



DEPABTMENT VIII. 

engineering, public works, architecture, etc, 
Group 80. 

agricultural engineering. 

Class 800. — Laying out farms, construction of roads, draining, 
irrigating and construction of farm buildings. 

Class 801. — Preparation of the ground and planting. 

Class 802. — Cultivation, &c. 

Class 803. — Harvesting. 

Class 801. — Cleaning, preparing, packing, and preservation of Crops. 

Class 805. — Farm transportation. 

Class 806. — Treatment of the soil. — Improvement, preservation, 
restoration, and increase of its productive capacity. Use of fertilizers. 

Class 807. — Bearing, care, and management of stock. 

Class 808. 

Class 809. — Farm superintendence and management. 

Group 81, 

mining engineering* 

Class 810.— Surface and underground surveying and plot- 
ting. — Projection of underground work, location of shafts, tunnels, &c, 
surveys for aqueducts and for drainage. 

Class 811. — Boring and drilling rocks, shafts, and tunnels. — 
Borings for water, oil, or other substances, and for ascertaining the na- 
ture and extent of mineral deposits. 

Class 812. — Construction, sinking, and lining shafts, by vari- 
ous methods, driving and timbering tunnels, and the general operations 
of opening, stoping, and breaking down ore, timbering, logging, and 
masonry. 

Class 813. — Hoisting and delivering at the surface, rock, 
ore, or miners. 

Class 814. — Pumping and draining by engines, buckets, or by adits. 

Class 815. — Ventilation, lighting, &c. 

Class 816. — Subaqueous mining, blasting, &c. 

Class 817. — Hydraulic mining, and the various processes and 
methods of sluicing and washing auriferous gravels, and other super- 
ficial deposits. 

Class 818. — Quarrying. 

Group 82. 

civil engineering. 

Class 820.— Construction and maintenance of roads, street pave- 
ments, &c. 



SECTION IV — CLASSIFICATION. 95 

Class S21.— Surveys and location of towns and cities, with sys- 
tems of water supply and drainage. 

Class 822. — Bridges of stone, brick, or beton. 

Class 823. — Iron and steel bridges. 

Class 824. — Suspension bridges. 

Class 825.— Canals, aqueducts, reservoirs, construction of dams, 
&c. Hydraulic engineering and means for arresting and controlling 
flow of water : water supply. 

Group 83. 

dynamic and industrial engineering. 

Group 84. 

railway engineering. 

Group 85. 

public works and architecture. 

Group 86. 

Group 87. 

submarine constructions, foundations, piers, docks, etc. 

Group 88. 

military engineering. 

Group 89. 

• naval engineering. 



DEPAKTMEOT IX. 

plastic and graphic arts. 

Group 90. 

sculpture. 

Group 91. 

painting. 

Group 92. 

line drawing, engraving, and die- sinking. 

Group 93. 
chromo-lithography and lithography. 



( jg report of the if. s. centennial commission. 

Group 94. 

photography. 

Class 940.— Landscape photographs. 
Class 941.— Architectural. 
Class 942.— From animate objects- portraits. 
Class 943. — Photq-relief plates. — Albertypbs, Woodbury- 
types, heliotypes, &C. 
Olasss 944. — Eeproductions op engravings, paintings, designs, 

AND DRAWINGS. 

Class 945,-^Bas-relief, metal ounaiments, shells, and small 
objects in relief — Particularly of fossils and "natural history" spec- 
imens. 

Class 946.— Photo-lithographic processes. 

Class 017.— On porcelain, ivory, metal, leather, or other 
polished surfaces. 

Class 948,— Negatives on glass for stereoscopes. 

(J KM) up 95. 

industrial designs. 

Group 96. 

mosaic and inlaid work. 

Okoup 97. 

ARCHITECTURAL DESIGNS AND MODELS. 

Class 970. — Ecclesiastical. 

( 'lass 971. — Public buildings. 

Class 972. — City residences, 

Class < .)7;>. — Country or sea-side residences. 

Class 1)74. — Kawm-iiousus and outbuildings. 

Class 975. — Exterior and interior decoration $ details of. 

Group 98. 

decoration and furnishing of interiors of public and private 

BUILDINGS. 

This group is designed bo Include special exhibitions of harmonious 
combinations of objects included under various groups and classes. 

Group 99. 

< 

landscape gardening. 

Class 990. — Location of roads, buildings, and plants and mod- 
ifications of the surface. 

Class 991. — Construction and grading of roadways and 
paths. 

Class 992. — Tree and shrub grouping. 

Class 993. — Treatment of grass and lawns. 



SECTION IV CLASSIFICATION. 97 

Class 994.— Designs for flower planting, plant grouping, 
&c. 

Class 995. — Management of water drainage, &c. — Kivulets, 
rivers, water-supply of gardens and lawns, cascades, fountains, reser- 
voirs and lakes. 

Class 996. — Rustic constructions and adornments. 

Class 997. — Rock. work and ferneries. 

Class 998.— Hedges, trimmed plants, substitutes for fences, 
&c. 



DEPARTMENT X. 

objects illustrating efforts for the improvement of the 
physical, intellectual, and moral condition of man. 

Group 100. 

physical development and condition. 

Class 1000. — The nursery and its accessories. 

Class 1001. — Gymnasiums, games, and manly sports. — Skating, 
walking, climbing, ball-playing, wrestling, acrobatic exercises ; row- 
ing, hunting, &c. 

Class 1002. — Alimentation. — Markets ; preparation and distribution 
of food. 

Class 1003. — The dwelljng, with its sanitary conditions and regu- 
lations. 

a. Dwellings for mechanics and working men. 

b. Dwellings for farmers and farm laborers. 

c. Dwellings characterized by cheapness, combined with the con- 
ditions essential to health and comfort. 

d. Tenement houses. 

e. " Flats n and suites of apartments. 

Class 1001. — Hotels, restaurants, lodging-houses. 
Class 1005. — Public baths and lavatories. 

Group 101. 

SANITARY r . 

Class 1010. — Medicine and surgery. 

Class 1011. — Relief to the wounded.— Sanitary commissions and 
their work ; Medical and Surgical History of the War. 

Class 1012.— General hospitals. 

Class 1013. — Hospitals for contagious and infectious dis- 
eases. 

Class 1014. — Hospitals for the insane. 

a. Under State control, and 

b. Private asylums. 

Class 1015.— Quarantine system and organization. 
Class 1016. — Sanitary laws and regulations of cities. 
a; Disinfection. 

b. Ventilation. 

c. Removal, of offal and refuse. 

d. Organization and work of health boards. 

e. Cemeteries. 
Class 1017.— Asylums. 

H. Mis. 99 7 



98 KEPOET OP THE U. S. CENTENNIAL COMMISSION. 

Group 102. 
benevolence. 

Class 1020. — Treatment of paupers. — Almshouses, feeding the 
poor, lodging-houses. 

Class 1021. — Asylums for infants and children. — Foundling 
and orphan asylums, children's aid societies, &c. 

Class 1022.— Homes for the aged and infirm. — Homes for aged 
men and women ; soldiers' homes ; homes for the maimed and deformed ; 
sailors' homes. 

Class 1023.— Emigrant aid societies. 

Class 1024 — Homes for the deformed and abnormally devel- 
oped. 

Class 1025. — Treatment of aborigines. 

Class 1026.— Prevention of cruelty to animals. 

Group 103. 

government and law. 

Class 1030. — Various forms of government. 
Class 1031.— Departments of government. 

a. Revenue and taxation. 

b. Military and naval methods of defense. 

c. Executive powers. • 

d. Legislative forms and authority. 

e. Judicial functions and systems. 

/. Police regulations ; government charities. 

g. International relations; international law; diplomatic and 
consular service, &c. 

k. Allegiance and citizenship; naturalization. 
Class 1032. — Municipal government. 
Class 1033. — Protection of property in inventions. 
Class 1034. — Postal systems and appliances. 
Class 1035. — Punishment of crime. 

a. Prisons and prison management and discipline. 

1). Transportation of criminals ; penal colonies. 

c. Houses of correction ; reform schools. 

d. Naval or marine discipline ; punish aient at sea. 

e. Police stations ; night lock-ups, &c. 

Group 104. 
religious organizations and systems. 

Class 1040. — Origin, nature, growth, and extent of various 
religious systems and sects. — Statistical, historical, and other facts. 

Class 1041. — Eeligious orders and societies, and their ob- 
jects. 

Class 1042. — Societies and organizations for the propagation 
of systems of religion, by missionary effort. — Their extent, con- 
duct, and statistics of their operations. 

Class 1043. — Spreading the knowledge of religious systems 
by publications. — Specimens of the publications of the Bible societies, 
Tract Society, American Sunday- School Union ; their statistics. 






SECTION IV CLASSIFICATION. 99 

Class 1044. — Systems and methods of religious instruction 
and training- for the young. — Teachings in the family. Sunday- 
school furniture and apparatus. 

Group 105. 
education. 

Class 1050. — Primary education. — Infant schools. 

Class 1051.— Public-school systems. 

Class 1052. — Special schools of science, law, medicine, and 
theology. 

Class 1053.— University education. 

Class 1051. — Technical education. — Institutes of technology. 

Class 1055. — Art schools, classes, and instruction. 

Class 1056. — Instruction by lectures. 

Class 1057. — Libraries. 

Class 1058. — Education of the abnormally developed. 

Class 1059. — Government aid to the cause of education. — 
Mechanic arts and agricultural colleges. 

Group 106. 

institutions, societies, and organizations having for their 
object the promotion of science. 

Class 1060. — Chemical and physical. 

Class 1061. — Astronomical societies and astronomical ob- 
servatories. 

Class 1062. — Geological and mineralogical societies. 

Class 1063.— Biological, zoological, medical, &c. 

Class 1061. — Philological. 

Class 1065. — Ethnological and sociological. 

Class 1066. — Archaeological and historical. 

Class 1067.— Engineering and technical. 

Class 1068. — Collections and museums, illustrating the pro- 
gress OF SCIENCE. 

Class 1069. — Institutions and associations, founded for the 
increase and diffusion of knowledge, such as the Smithsonian 
Institution, the Eoyal Institution, the Institute of France, British 
Association for the Advancement of Science, the Franklin Institute, 
Academy of Natural Sciences, and the American Association, &c— 
their organization, history, and results. 



Group 107. 
co-operative associations. 



Class 1070.— Political societies and organizations. 

Class 1071. — Working-men's unions and associations.— Their 
organizations, statistics, and results. 

Class 1072. — Industrial organizations, such as the Iron and Steel 
Association, the American Woolen Manufacturers' Association, &c. 

Class 1073. — International congresses for various purposes. 

Class 1074. — Secret societies. 

Class 1075. — Miscellaneous organizations for promoting the 
material and moral well-being of the industrial classes. 



100 KEPOKT OF THE U. S. CENTENNIAL COMMISSION. 

Group 108. 

music and the drama. 

Group 109. 

exhibition of works of art and industry. 

Class 1090. — Agricultural fairs; State and county exhibitions. 
Class 1091. — National exhibitions. 
Class 1092. — Art museums and collections. 
Class 1093. — Museums of inventions and of art applied to in- 
dustry. 
Class 1094. — International exhibitions. 

Key to the notation of the groups and classes. 



Depts. 


Groups. 


Classes. 


I. 


10— 19 


100— 199 


II. 


20— 29 


200— 299 


III. 


30— 39 


300— 399 


IV. 


40— 49 


400— 499 


V. 


50— 59 


500— 599 


VI. 


60— 69 


600— 699 


VII. 


70— 79 


700— 799 


VIII. 


80— 89 


800— 899 


IX. 


90— 99 


900- 999 


X. 


100—109 


1000—1099 



SECTION 5. 



ADDRESSES TO THE PEOPLE. 



May 23, 1872. 



Mr. Adams, of Florida, offered the following resolution : 

Resolved, That a committee of five, consisting of the president, secre- 
tary, and three others to be named by the president, be constituted to 
prepare and publish an address to the people of the United States, 
informing them of the general features that will characterize the cen- 
tennial exhibition of 1876, and presenting the enterprise to the general 
co-operation and sympathy of the various legislatures, and all the people 
of the United States, as a worthy mode of commemorating the birthday 
of a great nation. 

Which was read and unanimously adopted. 

May 28, 1872. 

The president announced that he had appointed as the special com- 
mittee on preparing an address to the legislatures of the States and 
Territories, Messrs. Samuel Powel, of Ehode Island, John Wasson, 
of Arizona, Oscar G. Sawyer, of Utah, James L. Cooper, of Alabama, 
and John A. Martin, of Kansas. 

Mr. Stevens, of New Jersey, moved that the two special committees — 
one on an address to the several legislatures of the States and Terri- 
tories, and the other on an address to the people of the United States — 
be requested to send the draught of the addresses prepared by them to the 
executive committee, and that the executive committee have the same 
printed and distributed as contemplated by the resolutions authorizing 
the preparation of said addresses ; which was agreed to. 



SECTION V ADDRESSES TO THE PEOPLE. 101 

December 4, 1872. 
Mr. Lewis Wain Smith, of Georgia, from the special committee ap- 
pointed to prepare an address to the people of the United States, sub- 
mitted a report, with copies of the addresses prepared by the committee. 



REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE. 

To the United States Centennial Commission : 

Gentlemen: The undersigned, a majority of the committee ap- 
pointed at your last session to prepare an address to the people of the 
United States, have the honor to report that they met at the Astor 
House, in the city of New York, on the 17th and 18th days of 
September, 1S72, and proceeded to discharge the duties for which 
they were appointed. After deliberation, they were of the opinion that 
the proper uianuer of laying before the country at large the objects of 
the commission was to publish two addresses, one a brief statement of 
the enterprise, sufficiently short to insure its publication in all the 
newspapers of the country; the other to contain a more extended his- 
tory of the proposed celebration, showing the powers of the commission, 
the duties and the progress made up to the present time. We have 
adopted the following as the shorter of the two addresses : 

1776— INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION— 1876. 

AN ADDRESS BY THE UNITED STATES CENTENNIAL COMMISSION. 

To the people of the United States : 

The Congress of the United States has enacted that the completion 
of the one hundredth year of American Independence shall be celebrated 
by an international exhibition of the arts, manufactures, and products 
of the soil and mine, to be held at Philadelphia, in 1876, and has ap- 
pointed a commission, consisting of representatives from each State 
and Territory, to conduct the celebration. 

Originating under the auspices of the national legislature, controlled 
by a national commission, and designed as it is to " commemorate the 
first century of our existence, by an exhibition of the natural resources 
of the country and their development, and of our progress in those arts 
which benefit mankind, in comparison with those of older nations," it is 
to the people at large that the commission look for the aid which is 
necessary to make the centennial celebration the grandest anniversary 
the world has ever seen. 

That the completion of the first century of our existence should be 
marked by some imposing demonstration is, we believe, the patriotic 
wish of the people of the whole country. The Congress of the United 
States has wisely decided that the birthday of the great republic can 
be most fittingly celebrated by the universal collection aud display of 
all the trophies of its progress. It is designed to bring together, within 
a building covering fifty acres, not only the varied productions of our 
mines and of the soil, but types of all the intellectual triumphs of our 
citizens, specimens of everything that America can furnish, whether 
from the brains or the hands of her children, and thus make evident to 
the-worldthe advancement of which a self-governed people is capable. 

In this celebration all nations will be invited to participate; its char- 
acter being international. Europe will display her arts aud manufac- 



102 REPORT OF THE U. S. CENTENNIAL COMMISSION. 

tures, India her curious fabrics, while newly opened China and Japan 
will lay bare the treasures which for centuries their ingenious people 
have been perfecting. Each land will compete in generous rivalry for 
the palm of superior excellence. 

To this grand gathering every zone will contribute its fruits and cereals. 
"No mineral shall be wanting; for what the East lacks, the West will 
supply. Under one roof the South will display in rich luxuriance her 
growing cotton, and the North, in miniature, the ceaseless machinery of 
ner mills converting that cotton into cloth. Each section of the globe 
will send its best offerings to this exhibition, and each State of the 
Union, as a member of one united body-politic, will show to her sister 
States and to the world, how much she can add to the greatness of the 
nation of which she is a harmonious part. 

To make the Centennial Celebration such.a success as the patriotism 
and the pride of every American demands, will require the co-operation 
of the people of the whole country. The United States Centennial 
Commission has received no Government aid, such as England extended 
to her World's Fair, and France to her Universal Exposition, yet the 
labor and responsibility imposed upon the commission is as great as in 
either of those undertakings. It is estimated that ten millions of dollars 
will be required, and this sum Congress has provided shall be raised by 
stock subscription, and that the people shall have the opportunity of 
subscribing in proportion to the population of their respective States 
and Territories. 

The commission looks to the unfailing patriotism of the people of every 
section, to see that each contributes its share to the expenses, and receives 
its share of the benefits of an enterprise in which all are so deeply inter- 
ested. It would farther earnestly urge tjie formation in each State and 
Territory of a centennial organization, which shall in time see that 
county associations are formed, so that when the nations are gathered 
together in 1876, each commonwealth can view with pride the contribu- 
tions she has made to the national glory. 

Confidently relying on the zeal and patriotism ever displayed by our 
people in every national undertaking, we pledge and prophesy that the 
Centennial Celebration will worthily show how greatness, wealth, and 
intelligence can be fostered by such institutions as those which have 
for one hundred years blessed the people of the United States. 

JOSEPH R. HAWLEY, 

President, 
LEWIS WALX SMITH, 

Temporary Secretary. 

- , November 12, 1872. 

To the Editor of 

Dear Sir: By direction of the United States Centennial Commission, 
I have the honor to inclose you a copy of a short address to the people 
of the United States, prepared by a committee for general publication. 
I would earnestly request that you make place for it in your columns. 
It is exceedingly important that the people of our State be made famil- 
iar with the objects of the commission, and I know of no better way 
than through your journal. 

I inclose you a more extended address, giving a history of the com- 
mission, and would ask that at your convenience you make the enter- 
prise the subject of favorable editorial comment. ■• 
Yery respectfully, yours. 



United States Commissioner for 



SECTION VI CENTENNIAL BOARD OF FINANCE. 103 

The committee deem it essential that the address be sent to all the 
papers simultaneously, as no journal will publish what has already 
appeared elsewhere. They have therefore requested the temporary 
secretary to so arrange that commissioners will all receive the addresses 
and forward them to the papers on the same day. 
* All of which is respectfully submitted. 

J. S. ADAMS, Florida, 

J. FLETCHER WILLIAMS, Minnesota, 

LEWIS WALN SMITH, Georgia, 

Committee. 

. December 4, 1872, 

The executive committee reported as follows: 

At the session of the commission in May last, a special committee 
was appointed to prepare an address to the people of the United States, 
to be published and distributed by the executive committee. This 
address having been duly prepared by the special committee, was pub- 
lished and transmitted to the newspapers throughout the United States, 
and has been to a very great extent reprinted in the columns of the 
press of the country, and doubtless will be reported to the commission 
during the present session by that committee. 

The committee is especially gratified to report that their efforts to 
give publicity to the objects and purposes of the commission, and to 
advertise as widely as possible the opening of books of subscription to 
the stock of the Centennial Board of Finance, have been generally 
aided by the press of the United States. The brief address furnished 
to the newspapers has been very generally published, and in the prin- 
cipal cities the great dailies have editorially called attention to the 
matter, and in admirably written articles have urged the people to a 
hearty co-operation with the United States Commission. In accordance 
with the direction of the committee the books of subscription for stock 
of the Centennial Board of Fiuance were opened in the several States 
and Territories on the day named by the committee, and, as far as heard 
from, the success has been most gratifying. 

Mr. Byrd, of Alabama, moved that the longer of the two addresses 
prepared and submitted by the special committee on address be referred 
to the executive committee for revision and publication as an address 
from this commission 5 which was agreed to. 



SECTION 6. 
CENTENNIAL BOARD OF FINANCE— ORGANIZATION OF. 

May 23, 1872. 

Mr. Morrell, of Pennsylvania, from the executive committee, submit- 
ted the following report, to wit : 

Yoiw executive committee beg leave to make report of their action 
since the adjournment of the commission. 

Agreeably to appointment, the committee assembled in Philadelphia 
on the twenty-fifth day of March, and remained in session for a week, 
during which time they were aided in their deliberations by the counsel 
of several members of the commission, not members of the committee, 
and of many of the foremost citizens of the city, whose advice was 



104 REPORT OF THE U. S. CENTENNIAL COMMISSION. 

sought and secured. Daring the session of the committee its members 
were entertained with that delicate and generous hospitality which so 
distinguishes the people of Philadelphia and their city government. 

The multiplicity of subjects brought to the notice of* your committee 
suggests the magnitude and importance of the work delegated to the 
commission, and the necessity of manifesting to the people of the United 
States that they have not only the intelligence to appreciate the require- 
ments of their office, but have also the patriotism, the ability and the 
will to popularize the undertaking, and marshal the vast and varied 
forces which must be invoked to make fitting display of the life and 
progress of the nation in its centennial celebration and exhibition of 
arts and industries. 

A glance at the personnel of the commissioners to which other nations 
have given the management of enterprises like that which we have in 
charge will evince the importance of the work", and the onreous and 
honorable nature of the functions connected therewith. 

The royal commission appointed to represent the government in the 
management of the world's fair held in Loudon in 1851 was headed by 
Prince Albert, the consort of the Queen, and the most distinguished 
men of the realm were named as his associates. 

The imperial decree originating the Paris exposition of 1867 made 
the Prince Imperial, president of the commission which controlled it, 
and the principal officers' of the Empire his fellow members. 

Austria, which proposes to hold an international exhibition at Vienna 
in 1873, has placed it under the patronage of His Imperial Highness, the 
Archduke Charles Louis. The Archduke Eegnier is president. The 
vice-presidents are the first grand steward of the court, the chancel- 
lor of the Empire, and the high officers of the state; and among the 
members of the commission are the chief court dignitaries, the minis- 
ters of war, justice, public instruction, finance, and national defense, 
the president of councils and of the House of Parliament, the presidents 
and directors of the academies, public institutions and societies of arts, 
and a long list of eminent scholars, manufacturers, and business men 
who have been national commissioners to former expositions, or are 
noted for their success in the public service, or in the management of 
large industrial or business enterprises. 

In addition to the power and patronage belonging to the first nobles 
of the Empire, the Paris commission, which made the exposition an 
unexampled success, was able to employ all the resources of the imperial 
government; and the proposed Austrian exhibition will be conducted 
under similar advantages; which are in immense contrast to the con- 
stitution and powers of the United States Centennial Commission. No 
titled officials or high dignitaries of the Government are fouud among 
its members. It is composed of plain American citizens. The national 
authority has loaned it no executive machinery, provided no fund, and 
committed itself to nothing ; and while the commission will expect to 
establish a claim in due time for Government aid, it must rely upon the 
people for the money needed to carry on the enterprise, and for that 
general support and co-operation which can alone give to the centennial 
celebration a character of nationality, and secure its success. As un- 
titled representatives of a free people, serving without pay or expecta- 
tion of profit, the commissioners should feel that their office is not less 
honorable and important than that of the imperial commission above 
referred to, and their management may and should be even more suc- 
cessful. Intelligent European visitors to the world's fair at London, 
1851, were surprised to find an enterprise of such magnitude carried 



SECTION VI CENTENNIAL BOARD OF FINANCE. 105 

forward by a private association— the government being merely an in- 
terested observer, and were more surprised at its financial results. 

In this country the people are more habituated than those of other 
nations to the conduct of public affairs by purely volunteer associations, 
which supplement, or even supersede, the usual functions of govern- 
ment. In this way the vast armies of the late war were mainly enlisted 
and recruited, and an efficient sanitary service equal to the needs of the 
immense military force was organized and maintained. We have now 
to show to the world that the popular and republican method is as 
capable of conducting great civil as great military affairs — that it can 
organize and control the tournaments of peace as effectually as the 
combats of war. The commission can appeal to the same popular im- 
pulses which demonstrated the military strength of republican govern- 
ment with the more effect, that the patriotic efforts ot the nation will 
now be directed to a common purpose by a united people. 

In the common memories of the centennial celebration, and the com- 
mon pride in its exposition of national greatness and progress, the 
smouldering passions of the late civil strife will be quite extinguished, 
or will be transformed into patriotic fires burning upon the altars of our 
common country. 

In these preliminary remarks your executive committee would indicate 
the spirit which they have sought to cultivate, and in which they desire 
to enter upou the ever- widening sphere of duty which must demand 
from them, and every member of the commission, many sacrifices and 
much labor. The deliberations of your committee have been mainly 
directed to questions of providing funds adequate to the erection of 
buildings suited to the needs of the exhibition, and the expenses of its 
preparation and management. After fuli discussion it was decided that 
the commission, as such, should not now ask for national or State ap- 
propriations for the purpose, and should not have any financial trust in 
connection with this department of the exhibition. 

To give the people of the whole country equal opportunity to contrib- 
ute funds for centennial purposes, place the enterprise upon a fair busi- 
ness footing, and to enable those who furnish the means to have a voice 
in the management, with a share of the risks and profits, it was con- 
cluded to apply to Congress for the charter of a corporation to be called 
the "Centennial Board of Finance," which should have power, under 
the direction of the Centennial Commission, to raise ten millions of dol- 
lars upon the sale of stock, and upon which corporation should be de- 
volved all the duties and powers necessary to conduct the work to a 
successful issue. In accordance with this determination, the form of an 
act was prepared and submitted to Congress, and such measures taken 
as were deemed best to secure early and favorable action thereon. 

A copy of this bill, together with a circular letfer, prepared by this 
committee, and addressed to the members of this commission, were sent 
to each member. Copies of the same are submitted herewith. 

It was at first proposed that the national commissioners should be 
named as corporators, but this idea was abandoned after mature reflec- 
tion, as it would have been a virtual abdication on the part of the com- 
missioners of their functions as representatives of the United States for 
membership in a corporation, in the management of which they could 
have influence only in proportion to the amount of their stock. This 
would have been a detriment to the country, and also to the proposed 
celebration and exhibition, which would have lost the prestige conferred 
upon it by the national indorsement and control through the United 
States commissioners. 



/ 



106 EEPOET OF THE U. S. CENTENNIAL COMMISSION. 

Instead of making the commissioners corporators, each member of 
the commission was asked to name prominent business men of his State 
or Territory, of marked purity and intelligence, which names, or so far 
as they were furnished in time, were inserted in the bill ; but Congress 
substituted other names for corporators when the bill came before it. 

The details of this act of incorporation have been carefully considered, 
with the purpose of giving the people of all the States and Territories 
equal opportunity to become owners of the stock, and share in the man- 
agement, while such authority is reserved to the commission as to im- J 
press the enterprise with the stamp of Government supervision and 
sanction, and accredit it as national to our own people and other coun- 
tries. 

In asking for legislation to incorporate and secure the services of 
earnest and capable men, whose interests as well as patriotism will be 
enlisted in the performance of the work, the commissioners are not ab- 
dicating their functions or shrinking from any duty. They are honorary 
directors with real power ; they are custodians of national faith and 
guarantors of honest and efficient management. The duties of nomin- 
ating the directors of the Board of Finance, the approval of plans of 
grounds and buildings for the exhibition, regulations affecting visitors, 
exhibitors, or the public, the preparation or approval of the classifica- 
tion of objects and articles to be exhibited, the apportionment of space, 
the award of prizes, and the preparation and conduct of memorial ser- 
vices appropriate to the celebration of the centennial of national inde- 
pendence, and the final duty of supervising the settlement and distribu- 
tion of the affairs and assets of the corporation, and making report of 
the result of the enterprise, will give full and responsible employment 
to every member of the commission, and to every agency which can be 
made to render aid in the performance of the work. Each commissioner 
may also find profitable employment in organizing the industrial forces 
of his own State or Territory into active co-operation for the purpose of 
securing a fair representation for each industry. The active aid of the 
representative officers and legislators of the several States and Terri- 
tories, of the various agricultural and trade associations, the press, and 
the clergy, can be secured by the personal efforts of the commissioners, 
who, as representatives of their States as well as of the nation, have 
special duties devolving upon them, and a certain sphere of action in 
which their personal influence will be most powerful, and in which they 
will find ample employment. 

Your committee are of the opinion that under its national charter the 
Centennial Board of Finance will readily procure all the funds needed 
to conduct the exhibition, and that the general distribution of stock, 
and the plan of making those who furnish the money interested in the 
financial result, will popularize the work and insure success. 

Perhaps it is well not to hold out to those who subscribe to the stock 
the hope of great gain, yet it is certain that the investment will not 
result in loss to them. 

The commissioners of the world's fair, held in London in 1851, had, 
after paying all expenses, a surplus of a million of dollars. The London 
exhibition of 1862 was held at an unfortunate time, as the war in the 
United States deprived it of much expected patronage, and yet no loss 
was incurred by the management. 

Taking into account the peculiar circumstances under which the 
centennial exhibition will be held, and the popular interest attached to 
memorial ceremonies of which it will be a part, there seems to be ample 



\ 



SECTION VI CENTENNIAL BOARD OF FINANCE. 107 

assurance against loss, and there should be no desire to make any con- 
siderable or speculative profit. 

The organization of the Board of Finance, with ample funds and per- 
manent officers aud agencies for carrying out the provisions of the law- 
authorizing the exhibition, will relieve the commissioners from financial 
embarrassment and responsibility. 

A governmental appropriation to cover the actual expenses of the 
national commission should, however, be made, and it may be well, at 
proper time, to ask Congress to make such appropriation. Their duties 
will draw heavily upon their time, and they should not, even if able, be 
made to pay expenses also ; nor should they, as national officers, be 
dependent on the hospitality of the city of Philadelphia. Their effi- 
ciency and independence will be greatly increased by such reasonable 
appropriation as should be cheerfully made by Congress, in view of the 
precedent created in paying the expenses of the United States commis- 
sioners to the Paris exposition of 1867, and other current expenses con- 
nected therewith. 

Respectfully submitted. 

D. J. MORRELL, 
Chairman of Executive Committee. 

Which having been read, 

Mr. Cold well, of Tennessee, moved that the report be accepted and 
printed in the journal ; which was agreed to. 

May 28, 1872. 

Mr. Goshorn, of Ohio, offered the following, to wit : 

Whereas there is pending in the Congress of the United States an 
act relative to the centennial international exhibition, to be held in 
the city of Philadelphia in 1876, which act provides for the organiza- 
tion of a body corporate, to be known by the name of the " Centennial 
Board of Finance f and whereas said act prescribes that certain things 
shall be done by the United States Centennial Commission preliminary 
to the organization of said finance board; it is, therefore, 

Resolved, That upon said act becoming a law, the executive commit- 
tee is hereby instructed and empowered to prescribe the rules and take 
all necessary steps for the organization of said Centennial Board of 
Finance, in accordance with the provisions of said act. 

Which was read and adopted. 

December 4, 1872. 

Mr. Morrell, of Pennsylvania, chairman of the executive committee, 
submitted a report, with a statement of the w T ork of the committee since 
the last session, and of the progress made in organizing the Centennial 
Board of Finance, pursuant to the act of Congress of June 1, 1872. (Ap- 
pendix Xo. 1.) 

Which having been read, 

Mr. Creigh, of California, moved that the report of the executive 
committee be accepted; which was agreed to. 

Report of the Executive Committee of the United JStates Centennial 

Commission, 

Philadelphia, December 4, 1872. 
To the United States Centennial Commission : 

Gentlemen: Upon the adjournment of the commission in May last, 
the executive committee, in addition to its ordinary duties, found itself 



108 REPORT OF THE U. S. CENTENNIAL COMMISSION. 

charged, by resolution of the commission, with the important and re- 
sponsible labor of organizing the Centennial Board of Finance. 

Your committee held sessions in Philadelphia May 29, in New York 
June 11 and 12, and again in Philadelphia August 27, 28, and 29. 

The subject of preparing and adopting the rules for the organization 
of the Centennial Board of Finance demanded the greatest care and 
consideration. 

After a thorough discussion of the matter, the committee, on August 
27, finally adopted the rules, (Form No. o,) a copy of which is appended 
to this report, with a tabular statement showing the population of each 
of the States and Territories, and the amount of the stock of the Cen- 
tennial Board of Finance to which they are severally entitled to subscribe. 
This table of quotas is prepared pursuant to the act of Congress which 
divides the stock ratably among the several States and Territories in 
proportion to the population of each. 

The duty of publishing and distributing the rules for the organization 
of the Board of Finance, together with the preparation and distribution 
of the necessary books and blanks, was, by resolution of the committee, 
imposed upon the executive commissioner and the chairman. The time 
fixed by the committee for opening books to receive subscriptions of 
stock was Thursday, November 21, 1872. 

Under this authority the executive commissioner, with the approval 
of the chairman of the executive committee, printed and distributed in 
all the States and Territories the rules for the organization of the Cen- 
tennial Board of Finance, with the table of quotas attached. 
. Circular letters (Form No. 4) were immediately sent to each corpora- 
tor of the Centennial Board of Finance, calling attention to the act of 
Congress, and informing him of his appointment as one of the, corpora- 
tors under that act, and requesting him to put himself in communica- 
tion with the office of the commission, and to make such suggestions as 
he might think proper to promote the success of the celebration. A 
circular letter, (Form No: 6,) dated October 1, was also sent to each 
commissioner and alternate commissioner, informing them that the 
twenty-first day of November had been fixed as the day for the opening 
of the books in all the States and Territories, with the suggestion that 
the meeting of the commissioners and corporators provided for by 
rule 4 should be held not later than November 10. 

A circular letter (Form No. 7) was sent to each corporator of the 
Centennial Board of Finance, informing him of the time and place of 
the meeting of the commissioners and corporators for each State and 
Territory for the purpose of appointing agents for the sale of the stock 
in the States and Territories respectively. 

Blanks have also been prepared for general distribution, to enable 
persons at a distance to subscribe for stock by mail. 



[Form No. 4.] 
INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION, PHILADELPHIA. 1876. 

Office of the United States Centennial Commission, 

Philadelphia., August, 1872. 

Sir : The following is a copy of a portion of the preamble of an act 
of Congress relative to the centennial international exhibition, to be 
held in the city of Philadelphia, iu the year 1876, approved June 1, 1872: 

"Whereas Congress did provide by an act entitled 'An act to provide 
for celebrating the one hundredth anniversary of American Inde- 
pendence by holding an international exhibition of arts, manufac- 



SECTION VI CENTENNIAL BOARD OF FINANCE. 109 

tares, and products of the soil and mine, in the city of Philadelphia, 
and State of Pennsylvania, in the year eighteen hundred and seventy- 
six,' approved March third, eighteen hundred and seventy-one, for the 
appointment of commissioners to promote and control the exhibition of 
the national resources and their development, and the nation's progress 
in arts which benefit mankind, and to suggest and direct appropriate 
ceremonies by which the people of the United States may commemorate 
that memorable and decisive event, the Declaration of American Inde- 
pendence by the Congress of the United Colonies, assembled in the city 
of Philadelphia, on the fourth day of July, anno Domini seventeen 
hundred and seventy-six ; and whereas such provisions should be made 
for procuring the funds requisite tor the purposes aforesaid as will ena- 
ble all the people of the United States, who have shared the common 
blessings resulting from national independence, to aid in the prepara- 
tion and conduct of said international exhibition and memorial cele- 
bration, under the direction of the commissioners of the United States : 
Therefore, 

" Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United 
States of America in Congress assembled, That there is hereby created a 
body corporate, to be known by the name of the Centennial Board of 
Finance, and by that name to have an incorporate existence until the 
object for which it is formed shall have been accomplished; and it shall 
be competent to sue and be sued, plead and be impleaded, defend and 
be defended, in all courts of law and equity in the United States; and 
may make and have a corporate seal, and may purchase, take, have, and 
hold, and may grant, sell, and at pleasure dispose of all such real and 
personal estate as may be required in carrying into effect the provisions 
of an act of Congress entitled " An act to provide for celebrating the 
one hundredth anniversary of American Independence, by holding an 
international exhibition of arts and manufactures, and products of. the 
soil and mine, in the city of Philadelphia, and State of Pennsylvania, 
in the year eighteen hundred and seventy-six," approved March third, 
eighteen hundred and seventy-one, and all acts supplementary thereto ; 
and said Centennial Board of Finance shall consist of the following- 
named persons, their associates and successors, from the States and 
Territories as herein set forth." 

You are named in this act as one of the corporators for your State. 

Please inform the commission of your post-office address, in order that 
a copy of the act may be forwarded to you, with other information con- 
cerning the progress of preparations for celebrating the centennial 
anniversary. 

The commission will be happy to hear from you, and to receive such 
suggestions relating to the celebration as you may be disposed to offer. 

I have the honor to be, with great respect, your obedient servant, 

WM. PHIPPS BLAKE, 

Executive Commissioner. 

[Form No. 5.] 

1776— INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION, PHILADELPHIA— 1876. 

OFFICE OF THE UNITED STATES CENTENNIAL COMMISSION. 

Rules providing for the organization of the Centennial Board of Finance. 

PREAMBLE. 

Whereas, by the third section of an act of Congress entitled "An act 
relative to the centennial international exhibition, to be held in the 



110 REPOKT OF THE U. S. CENTENNIAL COMMISSION. 

city of Philadelphia.) State of Pennsylvania, in the year 1876," approved 
June 1, 1872, it is provided that books of subscription shall be opened 
by the United States Centennial Commission under such rules as it 
may prescribe, and an opportunity shall be given during a period of one 
hundred days, to the citizens of each State aud Territory, to subscribe 
for stock of the Centennial Board of Finance, incorporated by said act, 
and authorized to issue stock to au amount not exceeding ten millions 
of dollars, in shares of ten dollars each, and to be offered to the several 
States and Territories in the ratio of their population : 

Now, therefore, the United States Centennial Commission, in pur- 
suance of the authority contained in said act, do adopt and establish 
the following rules for the opening of books of subscription to the stock 
of the said Centennial Board of Finance, to enable absent stockholders 
to vote by proxy, and to provide for the organization of said corpora- 
tion. 

• Eule 1. Books of subscription for stock of the Centennial Board of 
Finance will be provided by the commission, containing blauk subscrip- 
tion certificates, forms of subscription, and marginal record, as follows: 

CENTENNIAL BOARD OF FINANCE. UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 

Subscription certificate. No. — — . 

Place . Date . CERTIFICATE OF SUBSCRIPTION FOR STOCK OF THE CENTENNIAL BOARD 

— share. Par value, $10. OF finance. 

Payments on this stock are to 

be made as follows : Twenty per Capital stock $10,000,000. Shares $10 each. 
cent, on subscription; twenty per 

cent on or hefore the first Monday Subscription certificates No. , State of . 

of May, 1873 ; twenty per cent, on 

or before the first Monday in July, This certifies that has subscribed for and paid 

1873; twenty per cent, on or before dollars upon share — of the capital stock of the Centennial 

the first Monday of September, Board of Finance, incorporated by an act of Congress approved 

1873; twenty percent, on or before June 1, 1872. 

the first Monday of November, 

1873. Unless each instalment be The holder of this subscription certificate is entitled to one 

paid when due, it is hereby agreed vote upon each share it represents, and to receive a certificate of 

that the said stock and all pay- stock from the Centennial Board of Finance tipon the surrender of 

ments thereon shall, at the option this certificate to the said corporation, and the payment of the 

of said corporation, be forfeited balance due upon the subscription. 

without noVice or proceedings, 

either at law or in equity, for that Payments on this stock are to be made as follows : Twenty per 

purpose. cent, on subscription ; twenty per cent, on or before the first Mon- 

I have this day received from day of May, 1873; twenty percent, on or before the first Monday of 

, agent, the above- July, 1873 ; twenty per cent, on or before the first Monday of Sep- 

mentioned subscription certificate tember, 1873 ; twenty per cent, on or before the first Monday of 

for share— of stock of the November, 1873. Unless each installment be paid when due, it is 

Centennial Board of Finance, and hereby agreed that the said stock and all payments thereon shall, 

have paid dollars thereon. at the option of said corporation, be forfeited without notice or 

. proceedings, either at law or in equity, for that purpose. 

(Name of subscriber.) Dated at this day of ■ — 1872. 

(Post-office address.) Name of agent, . 

Rule 2. Subscription certificates prepared under the foregoing rule 
shall be sent to the agent in each State and Territory in the ratio of 
population, as hereinafter provided. 

Rule 3. Each subscription certificate, and the marginal blank to 
which it is attached, shall be numbered in consecutive order. The num- 
bering for each State and Territory shall be contained within certain 
limits, the lowest and the highest number being fixed for each, as, for 
example, Wyoming, 1 to 236 ; Arizona, 237 to 500, and so on, as may be 

* proper when the books are issued; the object being to prevent any re- 
petition of numbers, and, at the same time, to permit the independent 
issue of numbered scrip at different places. 

Rule 4. The agents of the commission for securing subscriptions to 
the stock in each State or Territory shall be appointed in the following 
manner : 

The centennial commissioner and the alternate commissioner from each 
State or Territory, or either of them, in the absence of the other, toge- 



SECTION VI CENTENNIAL BOARD OF FINANCE. Ill 

ther with such corporators for such State or Territory as may attend a 
meeting to be called by the commissioner or alternate, for the purpose, 
shall designate one or more national or other banks, or one or more 
bankers, in good standing, to receive subscriptions and the amounts 
paid thereon, and to issue said subscription certificates. The money so 
received shall be held by such banks or bankers, subject to the order of 
the Centennial Board of Finance, when organized; and, until such or- 
ganization, to the order of the commissioner or alternate commissioner, 
and at least two of the said corporators for the State or Territory in 
which the fund is deposited. 

Rule 5. The executive committee of the commission will inform the 
commissioner and alternate commissioner of each State and Territory 
of the day on or before which the books are to be opened. The call for 
a meeting of <the corporators shall be issued in season to secure a meet- 
ing and the designation of a bank or bankers, at which the subscrip- 
tions shall be received before the time arrives for opening the books. 
The commission will furnish blanks to be used in calling meeting, as 
aforesaid, in each State and Territory. 

Rule 6. The one hundred days provided for by law shall date in each 
State and Territory from the time of opening the books of subscription 
in such State or Territory. After the expiration of the period of one 
hundred days, the agents shall close and forward their respective books 
of subscription to the office of the commission in Philadelphia, retain- 
ing a duplicate registry of the subscriptions in their possession ,• blanks 
for which registry will be furnished by the commission. 

Rule 7. Certificates of subscription shall not be issued until at least 
two dollars per share have been paid thereon, and when issued shall be 
properly filled out, dated, and signed by the agent for the State or Ter- 
ritory appointed in accordance with Rule 4. The marginal blank shall 
bear a number corresponding to that upon the subscription certificate, 
and having been duly filled out, shall be signed by the person to whom 
the certificate is delivered. 

Rule 8. Applications for stock may be made in person to the agent, 
or by mail. Upon the receipt of any such application by mail, accom- 
panied by the required payjnent, the authorized agent shall transmit to 
the applicant a subscription certificate as provided by Rule 1, and shall 
fill up a marginal blank accordingly, and the application shall be cor- 
respondingly numbered and placed on file. 

For the purpose of facilitating subscriptions for the stock, blank forms 
of application will be printed for distribution. 

Rule 9. The following form of proxy may be used, and shall be dis- 
tributed by the agents for the convenience of subscribers : 

FORM OF PROXY FOR VOTING FOR THE FIRST BOARD OF DIRECTORS OF THE CEN- 
TENNIAL BOARD OF FINANCE. 

{Incorporated by act of Congress approved June 1. 1872.) 

, 187—. 

I do hereby authorize and empower , for me and in my name, to vote upon « 

shares of stock in said corporation held by be, and represented by subscription 



certificate No. , at the meeting of the corporators and subscribers for said stock, 

called by the United States Centennial Commission, and to be held at Philadelphia, 
State of Pennsylvania, for the purpose of electing the first board of directors of said 
corporation. 

[Name of subscriber. ] \_Address.~] 

Rule 10. A copy of these* rules will be furnished to each of the agents 
appointed in accordance with Rule 4. 



112 



KEPORT OF THE U. S. CENTENNIAL COMMISSION. 



[Form No. 5— Continued.] 

Table showing the population of each of the States and Territories and the amount of stock of 
the Centennial Board of Finance to ivhick, they are severally entitled to subscribe within the 
period of one hundred days from the twenty-first day of November, 1872, inclusive, to the 
first day of March, 1873. 



State or Territory. 



Po-ml-Hioii Qu°ta Quota 

copulation. in 8hares> in d n ara . 



New York 

Pennsylvania '. 

Ohio 

Illinois •- 

Missouri 

Indiana 

Massachusetts 

Kentucky 

Tennessee 

Virginia 

Iowa 

Georgia 

Michigan 

North Carolina 

Wisconsin 

Alabama 

New Jersey 

Mississippi 

Texas 

Maryland « 

Louisiana 

South Carolina 

Maine : 

California 

Connecticut 

Arkansas 

AVest Virginia 

Minnesota 

Kansas 

Vermont 

New Hampshire 

Rhode Island 

Florida , 

District of Columbia 

Delaware 

Nebraska 

New Mexico 

Oregon 

Utah 

Nevada 

Colorado 

Washington 

Montana * 

Idaho 

Dakota 

Arizona 

Wyoming 



4, 382, 759 
3, 521, 951 
2, 665, 260 
2,539,891 



721, 295 

680, 637 

457, 351 

321, Oil 

258, 520 

225, 163 

194, 020 

1, 184, 109 

1, 184, 059 

1,071,361 

1, 054, 670 

996, 992 

906, 096 

827, 922 

818, 579 

780, 894 

726, 915 

705, 606 

626, 915 

560, 247 

537, 454 

484, 471 

442, 014 

439, 706 

364, 399 

330, 551 

318, 300 

217, 353 

187, 748 

131, 700 

125, 015 

122, 993 

91, 874 

90, 923 

86, 786 

42, 491 

39, 864 

23, 955 

20, 595 

14, 999 

14, 181 

9,658 

9,118 



113, 666 

91, 341 

69, 123 

65, 871 

44, 641 

43, 587 

37, 796 

34, 260 

32, 639 

31, 774 

30, 967 

30, 710 

30, 708 

27, 785 

27, 353 

25, 854 

23, 499 

21, 472 

21, 230 

20, 252 

18, 852 

18, 300 

16, 258 

14, 530 

13, 939 

12, 565 

11, 464 

11,404 

9, 450 

8, 573 

8,255 

5,637 

4,869 

3,417 

3,242 

3,190 

2,383 

2,359 

2,251 

1,102 

1,034 

621 

534 

389 

368 

250 

236 



$1, 136, 660 

913, 410 

691, 230 

658, 710 

446, 410 

435, 870 

377,960 

342, 600 

326, 390 

317, 740 

309, 670 

307, 100 

307, 080 

277, 850 

273, 530 

258, 540 

234, 990 

214, 720 

212, 300 

202, 520 

188, 520 

183, 000 

162, 580 

145, 300 

139, 390 

125, 650 

114, 640 

114,040 

94, 500 

85, 730 

82, 550 

56, 370 

48, 690 

34, 170 

32, 420 

31, 900 

23, 830 

23, 590 

22,510 

11, 020 

10, 340 

6,210 

5, 340 

3,890 

• 3, 680 

2,500 

2.360 



38, 558, 371 



1, 000, 000 



10.. 000, 000 



[Form No. 6.] 
1776— INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION, PHILADELPHIA— 1876. 

Office of the United States Centennial Commission, 

Philadelphia, September, 1872. 

To the United States Centennial Commissioner : 

Sir : I am directed by the executive committee of the commission to 
inform you that the twenty-first day of November next (Thursday) has 
been designated as the time for opening the books of subscription to 
the stock of the Centennial Board of Finance. The rules governing the 
subscription, a copy of which is herewith inclosed, have been adopted. 
By referring to Rule 4 you will see that it is made the duty, in each 
State and Territory, of the commissioner and alternate commissioner, 
or either of them in the absence of the other, to call a meeting for the 



SECTION VI CENTENNIAL BOARD OF FINANCE. 113 

purpose of designating one or more national or other banks, or one or 
more bankers, as agents for securing subscriptions. This important 
duty, imposed upon you by the commission, will no doubt receive your 
prompt attention. The executive committee suggest that the meeting 
should be held not later than November 11, next. The time is left to 
your discretion, but yon will perceive it is necessary that the commis- 
sion should be informed of the name and address of the agents selected 
in season to permit of the subscription books being forwarded to them 
before the time arrives for opening the books. 

No definite and decisive instructions in regard to the compensation 
of agents can be given at this time. One or two bankers who have 
been consulted, have expressed their willingness to act without the 
usual commission. Agents are not expected, in this case, to bear the 
expense of advertising or printing. In addition to the patriotic motives, 
they will have the advantages resulting from their designation as the 
accredited agents of the commission, and of the deposit of the money 
received from subscribers until it is drawn by the Centennial Board of 
Finance. 

According to the provision contained in Eule 5, blank notices to the 
corporators have been printed. A sufficient number, placed in unsealed 
envelopes and addressed, will' be forwarded to each commissioner, or, in, 
his absence, to the alternate commissioner. 

Please acknowledge the receipt of this communication. 
Very respectfully, your obedient servant, 

WM. PHIPPS BLAKE, 

Executive Commissioner* 



[Form No. 7.] 

1776— INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION, PHILADELPHIA— 1876. 

To , Corporator of the Centennial Board of Finance: 

Sir : The United States Centennial Commission has named the twenty- 
first day of November, 1872, as the time for opening the books of sub- 
scription to the stock of the Ceutennial Board of Finance, and has in- 
structed me to call a meeting of the corporators for this State before 
that time, for the purpose of consulting together and of designating the 
proper place or places at which the subscriptions shall be received. This 
is in accordance with the rules adopted by the commission pursuant to 
section 3 of the act of incorporation, a copy of which has already been 
forwarded to you from the office of the commissioner. This meeting 

will be held at , on the day of next, and you are 

respectfully requested to be present. The importance of the duty thus 
imposed upon the corporators and the commissioners of this State, will, 
I hope, secure your attendance. 

Very respectfully, your obedient servant, 



United States Centennial Commissioner for the State of . 

The following is a copy of Rule 4 : 

Eule 4. The agents of the commission for securing subscriptions to 
the stock in each State or Territory shall be appointed in the following 
manner : 

The centennial commissioner and the alternate commissioner from 
each State and Territory, or either of them in the absence of the other, 
together with such corporators for such State and Territory as may 
H. Mis. 99 8 



114 REPORT OF THE U. S. CENTENNIAL COMMISSION. 

attend a meeting to be called by the commissioner or alternate for the 
purpose, shall designate one or more national or other banks, or one or 
more bankers in good standing, to receive subscriptions and the amounts 
paid thereon, and to issue said subscription certificates. The money so 
received shall be held by such banks or bankers, subject to the order of 
the Centennial Board of Finance when organized, and, until such organi- 
zation, to the order of the commissioner, or alternate commissioner, and 
at least two of the said corporators for the State or Territory in which 
the fund is deposited. 



[Form No. 8.] 

1776— INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION, PHILADELPHIA— 1876. 

Subscription to stock of the Centennial Board of Finance, incorporated by 
an act of Congress approved June 1, 1872, and authorized to issue stock 
to an amount not exceeding ten millions of dollars, in shares of ten dollars 
each. 

To , 

Agent for receiving suhscriptions to stock at : 

Sir, : I hereby subscribe for and agree to take shares of the capi- 
tal stock of the Centennial Board of Finance, subject to the rules of 
subscription and payment adopted by the United States Centennial 
Commission, which are hereby agreed to and made a part of this con- 
tract. 

Respectfully, yours, 



Extracts from the rules above referred to. 

Rule 8. Applications for stock may be made in person to the agent 
or by mail. Upon the receipt of any such application by mail, accom- 
panied by the required payment, the authorized agent shall transmit to the 
applicant a subscription certificate, as provided by Rule 1, and shall fill 
up the marginal blank accordingly; and the application shall be corres- 
pondingly numbered and placed on file. For the purpose of facilitating 
subscriptions for the stock, blank forms of application (as above) will 
be printed for distribution. 

Rule I. * * * Payments on this stock are to be made as follows: 
Twenty per cent, on subscription; twenty per cent, on or before the first 
Monday of May, 1873 : twenty per cent, on or before the first Monday of 
July, 1873 5 twenty per cent, on or before the first Monday of September, 
1873; twenty per cent, on or before the first Monday of November, 1373. 
Unless each installment be paid when due, it is hereby agreed that the 
said stock, and all payments thereon, shall, at the option of said corpora- 
tion, be forfeited, without notice or proceedings either at law or in equity 
for that purpose. 

December 4, 1872. 

The executive commissioner reported : 

The work of preparation of the necessary rules, circular letters, and 
blanks relating to the organization of the Board of Finance required 
much time and attention, and is not yet ended. The blank subscrip- 
tion certificate books for each of the States and Territories were com- 
pleted at the time required, but the unexpectedly large number of 



SECTION VI CENTENNIAL BOARD OF FINANCE. 115 

agents appointed in many of the States made it necessary, not only to 
order an additional supply of books, but to have new editions of several 
of the blank forms, circular letters, the rules, &c. It became necessary, 
also, to obtain a reprint of the acts of Congress and the list of the mem- 
bers of the commission. These details are here mentioned chiefly to 
explain what may appear to be an unusual and unexpected outlay for 
printing. 

Copies of the journal and of other printed matter issued by the com- 
mission were sent during the summer to all of the corporators of the 
Board of Finance whose post-offiee address could be obtained. 

RESPONSES FROM THE CORPORATORS. 

The circular letter, which, as you have been already informed by the 
report of the executive committee, was addressed to the corporators of 
the Board of Finance, invited suggestions and replies. The responses 
were general, and between three and four hundred letters from the cor 
porators are on tile in the office. The general tone and spirit of these 
letters are most gratifying and encouraging. From all parts of the 
United States assurances of hearty sympathy and of co-operation have 
thus been obtained. In numerous cases these letters show a most 
patriotic and commendable appreciation of the importance of the cele- 
bration, and particularly of the international exhibition, as the most 
appropriate method of signalizing the close of the first century of our 
national growth. 

A few extracts from these letters, which I have caused to be made, 
will amply repay perusal by those who desire to know something of the 
popular feeling in various parts of the country ; and I suggest the pro- 
priety of publishing some of these extracts in the form of a circular, or 
in connection with the report of the commission to Congress. 

SUPPLEMENTAL RULES. 

It is known to the commission that, after the adoption of the rules, 
the time for opening the books of subscription was fixed for the 21st 
day of November. It was expected that the appointment of agents, by 
meetings of the corporators in the various States, would be made in sea- 
son to permit of the office being notified of the names of such appointees, 
and of their receiving from the office the books of subscription before 
the 21st day of "November. This expectation, however, was not realized. 
As the appointed day approached, it became evident that in many in- 
stances these meetings of the corporators would not be held in season, 
and it was very doubtful whether meetings would be held or agents 
designated in some of the States at any time. In view of these facts, 
and for other reasons, it was deemed expedient to secure an arrange- 
ment by which persons in any part of the United States, or Americans 
traveling abroad, might have the opportunity of subscribing, irrespect- 
ive of the agencies appointed in each State. After a conference with 
some well-known bankers, and upon receiving the assent of the chair- 
man and members of the executive committee, 1 took the responsibility, 
on behalf of the commission, of appointing Messrs. Jay Cooke & Co. 
and Messrs. Drexel & C6. the general agents of the commission, for 
inviting and receiving subscriptions. These firms generously offered to 
assume the labors and responsibilities of general agents without any 
commission or compensation, and they have signified their desire to 
promote in every way the success of this great financial feature of the 
undertaking. 



116 REPORT OF THE U. S. CENTENNIAL COMMISSION. 

The commission is probably also aware that the books of subscription 
are prepared with reference to their distribution among the various 
States. The certificates bear the name of the State for which each is 
intended, and a certain set of numbers is assigned to each of the States 
and Territories. Consequently, subscribers to stock in any part of the 
United States may be supplied with certificates appropriate to their 
locality. 

The announcement of the appointment of these banking firms as 
general agents was made by telegraph all over the United States, upon 
the day prior to the day assigned for opening the books, but it was 
necessary that an announcement of this should appear upon the printed 
rules which had been adopted. This was done in the form of a supple- 
mental rule, accompanied by a preamble, setting forth the reasons for 
such action • and at the same time the opportunity was improved of 
adding one or two explanatory rules, intended to facilitate subscriptions. 
A copy of these supplemental rules is herewith submitted. 

SUPPLEMENTAL RULES. - 

(Adopted November 15, 1872.) 

Whereas the 21st day of November next has been designated by the 
United States Centennial Commission as the day upon whiqh the books 
of subscription to the stock of the Centennial Board of Finance shall be 
opened; and whereas notice thereof has been duly communicated to the 
commissioners and corporators in each of the States and Territories, in 
accordance with the rules $ and whereas in some of the States and Ter- 
ritories it may be impossible for all the preliminary arrangements to be 
effected in season to fully carry out the intention of the said rules by 
the appointment of agents in each State and Territory ; and whereas 
some of the subscription books may, from various causes, fail to reach 
their destination ; and further, in order more fully and completely to 
carry out the intentions of the section of the act of Congress providing 
for the distribution of the stock of the Centennial Board of Finance 
among the citizens of the United States in the ratio of their popular 
tion: 

The following supplemental rules are hereby adopted and established, 
and such portions of the foregoing rules as are inconsistent with them 
are hereby rescinded : 

Eule 11. Subscriptions will be received from the 21st day of Novem- 
ber, 1872, until the 28th day of February, 1873, inclusive, being a period 
of one hundred days, and they may be made at any of the agencies 
designated to the commission in accordance with Eule 4, and also at any 
of the banking houses or agencies of Messrs. Jay Cooke & Co., and of 
Messrs. Drexel & Co., who are hereby designated and requested to act 
as the general agents of the commission for securing subscriptions to 
the stock of the Centennial Board of Finance. 

Eule 12. The general agents of the commission will be supplied at 
their central offices with subscription books for each of the States and 
Territories, and upon the reception of an application accompanied by 
the required payment, or the evidence of its having been made at either 
of their agencies, they shall issue and transmit a subscription certificate 
in due form to the subscriber. Subscription certificates so issued shall 
bear the name and numbering of the State or Territory from which the 
application is made. 

Eule 13. Payment upon the stock may be made in full at the time 



SECTION VII SPECIAL CANVASSING AGENTS. 117 

of subscription, or as follows : Twenty per cent, on subscription ; 
twenty per cent, on or before the first Monday of May, 1873; twenty 
per cent, on or before the first Monday of July, 1873 ; twenty per cent, 
on or before the first Monday of September, 1873 ; twenty per cent, on 
or before the first Monday of November, 1873. 

December 5, 1872. 
Mr. Byrd, of Alabama, offered the following, to wit : 
Resolved, That the executive committee of this commission be, and they 
are hereby, authorized to nominate in behalf of the United States Cen- 
tennial Commission to the stockholders of the Centennial Board of 
Finauce, fifteen stockholders from the city of Philadelphia, and eighty- 
five stockholders from the several States and Territories, from whom the 
board of directors of the Centennial Board of Finance shall be chosen by 
the stockholders, when called together under the act of Congress ap- 
proved June 1, 1872, and that the said executive committee shall also 
fix the time and place for the meeting of the stockholders of the Cen- 
teunial Board of Finance, and call said meeting, pursuant to the provis- 
ions of said act of Congress. 
Which was read and adopted. 



SECTION 7. 
SPECIAL CANVASSING AGENTS FOR SUBSCRIPTIONS. 

December 7, 1872. 
Mr. Byrd, of Alabama, offered the following, to wit : 
Resolved, That at the request of the corporators for the State of Ala- 
bama of the Centennial Board of Finance, the Hon. Robert M. Patton, of 
Florence, Alabama, be, and he is hereby, appointed a general agent to 
procure subscriptions to the capital stock of the Board of Finance, and 
to secure payment thereof, or the installments as called for, and that he 
retain his expenses out of any money he may receive and such commis- 
sions as he may be allowed by the executive committee, and that he 
report monthly to the Selma Savings Bank, at Selma, Alabama. 

And the same having been read, moved that the resolution be referred 
to the executive committee. Which was agreed to. 

December 10, 1872. 
Mr. G-antt, of Arkansas, offered the following, to wit : 
Resolved, That in each State and Territory, in addition to the agents 
appointed to solicit subscriptions of stock for the furtherance of this 
enterprise, that the commissioner from each State and Territory may 
nominate canvassing agents to solicit subscriptions of stock, subject to 
the approval of the executive committee, and that such agents be paid 
only the expenses incident to travel in canvassing. 
Which having been read, aud the question being on the resolution, 
Mr. Creigh, of California, moved to amend the resolution by striking 
out the words " only the expenses incident to canvassing, 77 and insert- 
ing in their place the words " five per cent, on the amount collected by 
such agent." Which was agreed to. 
The question being on the resolution as amended, 
Mr. Martin, of Kansas, moved that this commission do now adjourn. 
Which was not agreed to. 



118 REPORT OF THE U. S. CENTENNIAL COMMISSION. 

The question still being on the resolution as amended, 
Mr. Byrd, of Alabama, moved, that the further consideration of the 
subject be postponed, until the executive committee, who have a matter 
of like import under consideration, have had an opportunity to report. 
Which was agreed to. 

December 11, 1872. 
Mr. Gantt, of Arkansas, moved that the resolution introduced by him- 
self yesterday afternoon, relative to authorizing the employment of can- 
vassing agents for obtaining subscriptions to the stock of the Centennial 
Board of Finance, be referred to the executive committee with power to 
act. Which was agreed to. 



SECTION 8. 

OFFERS TO CO-OPERATE IN THE INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION OF 1876. 

From the Marquis of Bute. 

. May 22, 1872. 
The president of the commission submitted the following letter : 

C. Barnard's Inn, Holborn, London, Eng-land, 

May 3, 1872. 

Gentlemen : Although the announcement of the celebration of the 
Centennial Anniversary of the independent existence of the United 
States of America, intended to take place in Philadelphia, in the year 
1876, has not yet been made public in England, in accordance with the 
provisions of the act of Congress passed on the third day of March, 1871, 
I believe I may venture to address you upon the strength of the informa- 
tion regarding it given to me by Dr. Bobert H. Lamborn, one of your 
number. 

My object is two-fold. In the first place, as managing trustee of the 
property in England of the Marquis of Bute, owner of the Bute Docks, 
Cardiff, I desire to draw the attention of the members of the Centennial 
Commission to the advantages afforded by the port of Cardiff for the 
shipment of the various objects probably to be contributed by the in- 
habitants of a large portion of this kingdom for exhibition on the occa- 
sion in question. 

Situated in the Bristol Channel, at the upper end of a small bay, which 
affords a safe roadstead in all weathers, the Bute docks are constructed 
for vessels of the largest class, whose cargoes are taken on board or dis- 
charged alongside of wharves which are fully supplied with railroads 
communicating with the whole country by means of the systems of the 
London and Northwestern, the Great Western, and the Midland Rail- 
roads. The systems traverse the entire area of the manufacturing in- 
dustries of England, and without break of gauge are continued into 
Scotland, with whose railroads those English systems are in full work- 
ing accord. And thus Cardiff is efficiently linked with every portion of 
this island whither railroads at present extend. 

I dwell on this that I may make it plain that no port of Great Britain 
presents greater facilities than Cardiff for the convenient agglomeration 
of objects seeking shipment for America. Nor is there wanting in her 
docks the other necessary equipment for the most efficient conduct of 
those shipments. Besides the railroads laid down on the wharves, 
alongside of which the vessels for transport will be moored, there are 



SECTION VIII OFFERS TO CO-OPERATE. 119 

to be found convenient warehouses and sheds, supplied with the newest 
and best hydraulic machinery) by which speed and efficiency in ship- 
ments are equally attained. 

The existence also of a line of first-class steamers, trading directly to 
America from. Bute Docks, seems to complete the supply of every 
requisite for rendering perfect an arrangement for making Cardiff one, 
at least, of the principal centers to which may be directed the shipments 
to America on the occasion in question. The line of steamers to which 
I refer, though, for the present, making New York the only transatlantic 
port to which its trading is directed, proposes to make other ports in 
America points to trade to. Should, therefore, it appear desirable, in 
consequence of the quantity of articles to be delivered at Philadelphia, 
in 1876, for the International Exhibition then to be held, it will admit 
of easy arrangement that one of its fleet steamers should proceed to the 
port of Philadelphia, for the purpose of delivery and of avoidance of 
risk, which may thereby be more perfectly accomplished than if the 
articles had to be forwarded by rail after being discharged at New 
York. 

Again, should the number of articles consigned for shipment from 
Bute Docks to Philadelphia at that time require special room beyond 
the accustomed accommodation to be found there, that want will be 
supplied at special points, where the railroads, bringing them from the 
manufactories, can discharge and store them with convenience and 
dispatch. 

It is not improbable that the Marquis of Bute, the owner of the 
docks, may be inclined to look favorably on a relaxation of the dues 
payable on goods shipped from the wharves of the docks, and which 
are destined for exhibition at Philadelphia in 1867. 

My second object in at present addressing this communication to the 
Centennial Commission is as follows: 

It may be acceptable to the Centennial Commission that a complete 
assortment of metals and minerals, the products of the property of the 
Marquis of Bute, both in Wales and in the county of Durham, should 
be prepared for the purpose of exhibition. 

From my position as managing trustee of his Lordship's property in 
both localities, I am able to say that I shall have pleasure in seeing that 
this is carried out. I think, also, that it may be judged to be useful, 
on behalf of the interests of commerce between the United States and 
the Bristol Channel, if there were furnished, with the same object, an 
exact model of the great docks and other works which the late and the 
present Marquis of Bute have erected on their property, and to which 
so large a section of country will ever owe its development, and its in- 
habitants their enrichment, to a considerable degree. This, and other 
models of machinery and appliances for the purposes of trade, in use 
at the Bute Docks, may form fit subjects of interest at an exhibition of 
manufactures, and of the products of the soil and mine, to the diffusing 
of all of which through the world those works eminently conduce. 

I may further suggest that to the products of Lord Bute's mineral 
estates may, I think, usefully be added a far more extensive, and there- 
fore, more valuable, collection of the ores, metals, minerals, and manu- 
factures of the entire basin of South Water, including Monmouthshire, 
within which a very large number of works are to be found, bearing 
upon the commerce of the two countries, in reference to their manufac- 
tures of iron, steel, and tin, all of which are already the subjects of large 
annual shipments to America. 

I believe I may safely state, for the information of the Centennial 



120 REPORT OF THE U. S. CENTENNIAL COMMISSION. 

Commission, that such a collection can certainly be made and be counted 
on, if thought likely to conduce to the perfecting of the objects of the 
International Exhibition at Philadelphia. Nor is it without significance 
to remark that the proximity of the Port of Cardiff to the section of 
country to which I have alluded will encourage the owners of those 
works to contribute their quota to the collection by reason of the facili- 
ties presented to them. 

Finally, that for the present I may not longer occupy the time of the 
commission, I have to add only that the authorities at Bute Docks, if 
that point be found available, will feel great satisfaction, by every effort 
in their power, to supply, as above sketched, easy and convenient means 
of shipment, and also by finding office-room, in connection with agencies, 
which may thus be rendered necessary on the spot, in promoting the 
success, on this side of the Atlantic, of an undertaking which has so 
grand a scope and object; which is so sure also to enlist the sympathy 
of thosenations of the old world who are now looking on the rapid growth 
of the American Eepublic without jealousy, or any other feeling than 
those which should exist between peoples who are on the same path of 
advancement, and whose existence and prosperity are therefore mutually 
intertwined. 

I have the honor to be, gentlemen, your very obedient and humble 
servant, 

JOHN BOYLE. 

Which was read, and referred to the committee on foreign affairs. 

May 25, 1872. 
The committee on foreign affairs recommend that a reply to the let- 
ter of the managing trustee of the property of the Marquis of Bute be 
forwarded in accordance with the general regulations already adopted 
by the commission, with the thanks of the commission for this early 
offer to contribute to the Centennial Exhibition, and the desire that he 
proceed to make the proposed collection. Which was read, and adopted. 

December 10, 1872. 

The committee on foreign affairs reported : 

The committee further report that they have obeyed the instructions 
of the commission in their answer to the generous offer of the Marquis 
of Bute, and feel assured that the proposed collection will be a very 
valuable one, and the committee congratulate the commission on the 
progress thus made. 

ETC. 

December 4, 1872. 
The executive commissioner reported : 

At the meeting of the executive committee, May 29, 1872, several 
communications of interest to the commission in the progress of our 
work were referred to me for reply. Among these was the proposition 
of Mr. Joseph Lea, of the city of Philadelphia, for forming an organiza- 
tion extending over the United States and several foreign countries, 
with a view of collecting specimens of useful, ornamental, and other 
woods, with samples of the fruit of some, &c. 

This letter is appended. 



SECTION VIII OFFERS TO CO-OPERATE. 121 

Philadelphia, May 22, 1872. 
To the honorable the United States Centennial Commission : 

Gentlemen : I propose to form an organization extending over the 
United States and several foreign countries, with the view of collecting 
specimens of useful, ornamental, and other woods, with specimens of 
their fruit, &C. 

This, I believe, can be made a most interesting and instructive col- 
lection, and in order that completeness may be secured, it is very desira- 
ble that the plans I propose may be perfected at an early day. 

I therefore respectfully request that you make such official recogni- 
tion of the plan suggested as will euable me to proceed with my organ- 
ization. I desire specially to say that I propose to make this collection 
for the use and benefit of the commission, and at the expense of myself 
and those who may be associated with me. 
Very respectfully, 

JOSEPH LEA. 

In accordance with my instructions, I informed Mr. Lea that the com 
mission were in hearty sympathy with the proposed work, and that they 
would give assistance to him from time to time as far as they might be 
able to do so, 

Subsequently, I conferred with Mr. Lea in respect to the subject and 
addressed him a second communication, which, with his reply, are as 
follows : 

Philadelphia, November 27, 1872. 

Dear Sir: Eeferring to my communication of the 4th of June last, 
expressive of the hearty sympathy of the commission with the work 
you proposed to do, in collecting specimens of useful and ornamental 
woods, I now have the honor to request that you will favor me witli a 
more elaborate outline of your proposed organization. I do this in or- 
der that at the coming meeting of the commission (in the ensuing week) 
I may present the subject to the members clearly, and in a manner best 
calculated to advance a project so useful in its results and in every way 
so desirable for our exhibition. 

I may remind you that, in the comprehensive classification proposed 
for this exhibition, a very liberal space is allowed to the display of na- 
tive and foreign woods, in all their various stages of preparation, from 
the log to the dressed and worked timber; in short, a full and complete 
collection of forest products is contemplated and provided for. What- 
ever is done in this department of the exhibition must, of course, be 
done in accordance with the general plan adopted, and it is essential 
that, before the commission takes any action which shall *commit it to 
a system of operations, it shall be thoroughly understood that these 
operations will be in perfect harmony with the general scheme which 
will be elaborated by the commissioners, and under which all foreign 
commissions will be expected to act. 

I may also remind you that abroad great attention is given by the 
governments to forestry and to the exhibition of forest products. The 
well-organized departments of forestry in Prussia, Austria, and France, 
as well as in other countries, are able to make very elaborate and inter- 
esting exhibitions ; in fact, they have on hand immense collections 
which are used upon the occasion of every great exhibition. And I 
have no doubt that such collections could be obtained for display here. 

At the Paris exhibition of 1867, the display of lumber and timber 
from Canada was truly remarkable. 



122 REPORT OF THE U. S. CENTENNIAL COMMISSION. 

Squared timbers forty and fifty feet in length, and from fifteen to 
twenty inches square, were displayed in the building. The exhibition 
made by Brazil was one of the most notable ever seen. Within a capa- 
cious room, specimens of forest trees of Brazil were placed on end, 
with the ends cut and polished in two or three different directions, so 
as to show the exact nature of the grain, while overhead interwoven 
branches of forest trees were made to resemble very closely the appear- 
ance of a tropical forest under a noonday sun. Not only the wood itself, 
but the characteristic appearance of the bark and foliage were shown, 
and the light was managed above in such a way as to add very much 
to the beauty of the exhibition. 

I mention these examples in order that you may bear them in mind ; 
and in any organization that you may propose, it is important that it 
should be capable of including such extensive exhibits as may be ob- 
tained from foreign governments. 

Very respectfully and truly yours, 

WM. P. BLAKE, 
Executive Commissioner. 

Joseph Lea, Esq. 

Philadelphia, December 4, 1872. 

Dear Sir : Your favor of the 27th ultimo, requesting a more elabo- 
rate outline of my proposition for collecting specimens of the woods 
and timber of the United States and of the world, as a valuable and 
useful addition to the centennial exposition of 1876, has my best at- 
tention. 

Under the auspices, supported by the influence, counsel, and assist- 
ance of your most honorable commission, I propose to form an associa- 
tion, to be chartered by Congress, with co-operative branches in all the 
States and Territories of the Union, which, by initiation fees and annual 
contributions, shall defray all the incidental expenses attending upon 
the safe-keeping and collection of specimens of wood and timber and 
fruits of the forests from all parts of the globe. 

This collection would resemble closely that of the Kew Gardens, near 
London, embracing trees and timber in every condition, from crude to 
polished, showing conical and vertical sections, and presenting to the 
attention of American manufacturers many valuable specimens sug- 
gestive of application to the useful arts. I should aim and hope to ex- 
hibit the fossil and petrified trees of our western Territories, along with 
those remarkable submerged forests, imbedded since the last Noachic 
deluge in the flats near Morristown, New Jersey, and probably speci- 
mens of the JJimber used in the lacustrian villages of the ancient Swiss 
and Teutonic and Slavonic races. The collection should embrace, also, 
all the varieties of acorns, pine cones, and other seed-vessels to be 
found in the world. The attention of the association would also be 
directed to extend and demonstrate the best means of preserving timber 
for all the various purposes of buildings, ships, bridges, and railways; 
beyond this the preservation of our American forests, now fast melting 
away, and the necessary legislative measures for the protection and 
growth of the best timber, would demand our active interest. 

On the 4th of July, 187G, we should hope to then open to the public 
the most magnificent exhibition of this special department that the 
world can see, or may ever again behold, and when the deputations of 
the branch societies arrive from every section of our country, with the 
concurrence of your honorable body, and also of the park commission- 
ers, we propose to plaiit suitable trees at the hands of the members of 



SECTION VIII OFFERS TO CO-OPERATE FISHERIES. 123 

this society, from all the many States and domains of the American 
Union, hoping that, by the blessing of Almighty God, an hundred years 
thereafter the descendants of a happy and united people, beneath their 
branches, may again celebrate and perpetuate the birthday of Ameri- 
can Independence. 

My object in proposing this effort to the commission is merely to con- 
tribute, as far as in my power, to the success of the commission, the 
exposition, and the honor and attraction of my native city. 

We should want fire-proof one story (mostly) buildings, constructed 
after careful examination of the best collections in Europe, all, of 
course, to be under the direction of the architects of the commission, 
and on plans approved by yourselves, the buildings and collection to 
belong to the society, and be forever permanently located in the park of 
Philadelphia, subject to the safe-keeping and management of the socie- 
ty, after your honorable commission shall have terminated its labors. 
We should wish to invoke the support of your honorable commission in 
obtaining the active influence and co-operation of all our diplomatic 
and consular representatives abroad, and of the officers of the Army and 
Navy, in bringing home all specimens which may be offered them for 
our collection. 

To do this work it is necessary that some one feeling a deep interest 
and pride in the result should give it the time, attention, and money 
which it will demand of him, and while 1 feel some ambition to give to 
the exhibition a mark of my love of country, and of its forests, I cannot 
help feeling some solicitude lest I prove unequal to the task which I 
have proposed to myself as your deputy. 

• What shall be the authority, in your good judgment, to be bestowed 
upon me, I leave entirely to your conclusion, but ask that, subject al- 
ways to your ratification and monthly reports to the executive commis- 
sion, you shall give me the most enlarged and liberal powers. 
Most respectfully, yours, 



Wm. P. Blake, 

Executive Commissioner ; U. S. C. C. 



JOS. LEA. 



December 4, 1872. 



The executive commissioner reported : 

ON FISH AND FISHERIES. 

A communication from Professor S. P. Baird, of the Smithsonian In- 
stitution at Washington, to Mr. George W. Chflds, of this city, by whom 
it was handed to the executive committee, was also referred to me at 
the June meeting of the executive committee. 

Inasmuch as this communication, and others in my possession to 
which it has given rise, discuss, at considerable length, and in a very 
interesting and instructive manner, the subject of a general exhibition 
of the fisheries of the world, I append the same entire, and hope that 
such action will be taken in due season as will secure to our interna- 
tional exhibition a feature so desirable, and also the co-operation of a 
gentleman whose great reputation as a naturalist, and extended knowl- 
edge of the fishery interest of the United States, eminently qualifies 
him for the task of making this department of the exhibition an entire 
success. 



124 REPORT OF THE U. S. CENTENNIAL COMMISSION. 

Washington, D. 0., May 27, 1872. 

My Dear Mr. Childs : I suggested to Professor Blake, on a recent 
visit, that it would be a matter of great interest in the centennial expo- 
sition, at Philadelphia, to include a first-class exhibition of the products 
of the sea, in the form of prepared specimens in alcohol, or skins of all 
our food fishes of North America, and ail other parts of the world, show- 
ing what parts are most esteemed for food or for other purposes ;■ also, 
models of fishing apparatus in the way of hooks and lines, nets, traps, 
weirs, &c, models of boats, of smoke-houses, aud other arrangements 
for preserving and curing fish, together with specimens of prepared fish 
and fish products in ail their varieties. This, lie seemed to think, would 
be a most admirable feature of the exposition, and one never attempted 
in the United States. 

I shall be very glad to do all I can to make such an exhibition a suc- 
cess, by furnishing as much of the material as can be supplied in con- 
nection with my researches as United States commissioner. 

I write now more particularly to say that there is to be a very exten- 
sive fishery exposition at Copenhagen during the present summer, at 
which there will doubtless be an admirable show of all the objects re- 
ferred to, as far as relates. to the Old World. These could probably be 
obtained in whole, or in part, after the close of the exposition, at a 
moderate outlay, and I would warmly suggest to the committee, when- 
ever they have any money for the purpose, the propriety of appropriat- 
ing a reasonable amount for the purpose in question. 

I have scientific friends and correspondents in Copenhagen and Christ- 
iana, who will do all they can to obtain these objects for us at a moder- 
ate cost, aud I have actually written them asking their opinion as to 
the probable expenses ; I had supposed that from three to five thousand 
dollars, or perhaps considerably less, might answer the purpose. 

Knowing that you have a great interest in the success of this exposi- 
tion, and that you are well acquainted with all the parties who have this 
in charge, I write to you on this subject, and shall be glad to learn the 
probability as to action. 

I shall endeavor to obtain a part of the collection myself, but I have 
not the capital necessary to secure it all. If it could be brought over 
during the coming autumn, it might be stored at the Smithsonian until 
ready, and it would serve as a basis upon which to get up the American 
part of the series, which would then be made very complete. I could 
send to Alaska, to Lower California, Panama, the West Indies, Mexico, 
Newfoundland, and elsewhere for illustrations, and could probably aid 
in procuring a very effective display. 
Very truly, yours, 

SPENCER F. BAIRD. 

George W. Childs, Esq., 

Public Ledger, Philadelphia. 

United States Commission, Fish and Fisheries, 

Washington, November 21, 1872. 
Dear Sir : I am in receipt of your letter of the 20th, asking Avhat 
progress has been made in connection with the proposed exhibition of 
fishery products at the Philadelphia Centennial, and in reply I beg 
leave to say that, several months ago, I requested some correspondents 
in Copenhagen to see what they could do in the way of procuring such 
of the various models and apparatus exhibited there as could be easily 






SECTION VIII— OFFERS OF CO-OPERATION. 125 

transported and preserved, these to include especially models of boats, 
fixed nets, traps, and pounds, specimens of certain nets, and illustra- 
tions of the method of curing the fish, as well as samples of the fish 
themselves, as preserved. I am informed that my wishes have been met 
by the acquisition of a large portion of the articles, which will be for- 
warded to me soon. The expense is not stated, but probably is not 
more than four or five hundred dollars. 

During my visit to the Bay of Fundy, this summer, I arranged to 
have models, to a scale, of all the boats, smoke-houses, &c, used in the 
fisheries of that region. Some of these have already been delivered to 
me, and others are expected at no distant day. 

It is my desire, if health and opportunity permit, to bring together 
as complete a series of illustrations of the present modern machinery 
for capturing and preserving fish as practicable from all parts of the 
world, that a comparison may be made of the relative condition of these 
objects at home and abroad, and, if possible, to show wherein they may 
be improved in our own country. 

This would supplement very worthily the extensive collection now in 
the Smithsonian Institution of all the apparatus employed for takiug 
fish by the more uncivilized nations of modern and prehistoric times, 
including the series of the Esquimaux, Aleuts, Tschutschi, Sandwich, 
Feejee, and Samoan islanders, &c. 

I would respectfully call the attention of the commissioners to the 
propriety of taking steps for establishing an aquarium as part of the 
exhibition of the coming centennial. You will observe the great suc- 
cess of these establishments which have been erected at Berlin, Ham- 
burg, Naples, Brighton, London, &c, and the movements looking to- 
ward the erection of others at Manchester, Birmingham, &c. An aqua- 
rium is one of the promiuent features of the Vienna exposition, that 
to be erected costing probably not less than $150,000, and the sea water 
for supplying it (200,000 gallons) will be brought from Trieste, a distance 
of about twenty hours, by railroad. A co-operation might possibly be 
entered into with the public park commissioner, by which the aquarium 
may be made a permanent feature, and it should be connected with the 
zoological garden, which it is understood they contemplate estab- 
lishing. 

Yery truly yours, 

SPENCEE F. BALED, 

Commissioner. 

W. Phipps Blake, Esq., 

United States Centennial Commission, PJiUafMpMa. 

January 21, 1873. 

In the report of the executive commissioner the following mention 
is made of a proffered 

EXHIBITION OF THE NATURAL RESOURCES OF THE NORTHWEST. 

An interesting communication has been received from the trustees of 
the Northern Pacific Railroad, proposing to make a very extensive 
exhibition of the resources of the country through which their road 
passes, as well as an exhibition and illustration uf those of the road 
itself. 

The correspondence is explanatory and of general interest, and is 
therefore annexed in full : 



126 EEPORT OF THE U. S. CENTENNIAL COMMISSION. 

Trustees 7 Office, Northern Pacific Eailroad, 

Philadelphia, December 13, 1872. 

Dear Sir: I beg leave to state that this company propose to exhibit 
at the Centennial International Exhibition the fullest representation 
that can be obtained of the following list of contributions : 

From each State and Territory on the line of road — 

Samples of all cereals, showing the grain and growth ; 

Samples of all grasses, natural and cultivated; 

Samples of all root and other crops ; 

Samples of all fruits and berries ; same, preserved ; 

Samples of all woods, sections of trees, and specimens of lumber ; 

Prepared specimens of birds, animals, and fishes ; 

Models of settlers' houses, and the company's reception- houses ; 

Photographs and other pictures of scenery ; 

General and local maps. 

Special from Minnesota: Iron, copper, and silver ores; amethysts, 
agates, &c. ; granite, sandstone, slates, clays, &c. 

Dakota : Coals, building-stone, red pipe-stone, &c. 

Montana: Gold, silver, iron, lead, and other ores; sulphur, salts, &c; 
Yellowstone rocks, &c. ; coals, petroleum, asphaltum, &c. 

Idaho : Gold, silver, and other ores ; coals. 

Washington : Illustrations of fisheries and preserved fish ; illustra- 
tions of fur trade, samples of furs and skins ; coal. 

In developing new territory new objects of interest may be found, 
and, if margin can be allowed for such contingency, we should be glad 
to have advantage of it. 
Eespectfully, 

JOHN V. SEAES, 

For Trustees. 

Wi. Phipps Blake, Esq., 

Chairman of Centennial Committee on Classification, 

904 Walnut Street. 

Reply, advising a collective display. 

Office of the United States Centennial Commission, 

Philadelphia, December 28, 1872. 

Dear Sir : My absence from this city and other interruptions have 
prevented my acknowledging your favor of the 13th as soon as its im- 
portance deserved. 

In behalf of the committee on classification, I assure you that I am 
highly gratified to receive from the Northern Pacific Railroad a timely 
assurance of its disposition to exhibit liberally and intelligently in our 
great national exhibition, to be held in 187G. It is timely, for it is not 
a day too soon to commence the preparation of such exhibits as you pro- 
pose to make. 

The varied natural objects and productions of the States and Terri- 
tories traversed and to be traversed by your road will constitute an im- 
portant contribution to many of our groups and classes, and upon con- 
sulting the scheme of classification you will find that an appropriate 
place has been provided for each and every article and interest that you 
have enumerated. 

I may venture to assure you, in behalf of the commission, that ample 
space will be afforded for all that you propose to send, not only for ores 
of iron, copper, gold, silver, building-stones, ornamental stones, and 



SECTION VIII OFFERS OF CO-OPERATIOX. 127 

gems, and for the vegetable productions, but for illustrations of fisheries 
and of animal products. &c, all of which will be gladly received and 
appropriately installed. 

I regard your oiler as of more than ordinary importance and value, 
inasmuch as the range of products will illustrate to a great extent the 
physical and natural resources of a vast area of the central and western 
portions of our continent. 

Allow me to suggest that in addition to the exhibition in the building, 
under their appropriate heads, of the various objects you have enumer- 
ated, the railroad should make what is known in great exhibitions as 
" a collective display." By this, I mean a combination of these varied 
objects in geographical order, in a building or department by them- 
selves, so grouped and combined with a relief map or a model as to 
illustrate in the most striking manner the physical and natural features 
of the region traversed by the road. Such " collective displays ". are 
extremely interesting and instructive, and I am sure that in this case it 
would be very greatly to the advantage of the exhibition and of the 
public to prepare such an exhibition, in illustration of the idea I refer 
you to the " collective display " made at Paris in 1867 by the Suez Canal 
Company. A separate space in the park was assigned to this company, 
by whom a model of the Isthmus was constructed, showing the route of 
the canal, the topography and geology of the surrounding country, the 
lake basins, and the artificial harbors at the outlets. It was visited by 
tens of thousands of persons. A great crowd was prevented by exacting 
a very small additional fee at the door. The visitor could not fail to 
receive a very clear idea of the great work which was then nearly accom- 
plished. It was, so to speak, a bird's eye view of the w^hole canal. A 
model of your entire route might be constructed without very great ex- 
pense, and it could show not only the line of the road, but a portion of 
the country adjoining it on each side, so as to include the lands of the 
company, and to give a general idea of the great plaius, mountain 
ranges, and river valleys. This would be a very important contribution 
to the physical geography of Xorth America, and as such it would give 
great satisfaction. It should be accompanied by a geological map and 
section. It would show, among other things, the gradual breaking down 
of the high mountain ranges in that latitude, the cause, probably, of the 
extraordinary climatic anomalies which are yet the subject of the inves- 
tigations of our most expert meteorologists. It would show, also, that 
wonderful system of navigable inland straits and harbors skirting our 
northwestern coast ; the location of forests ; of prairies and of fertile 
lands; the natural channels of communication, and the distribution of 
mineral wealth. 

Again assuring you of the satisfaction which your offer hasgiven me, 
I am, 

Very respectfully, your obedient servant, 

WM. P. BLAKE, 
Chairman of committee on classification and arrangement. 

John V. Sears, Esq., 

For Trustees Northern Pacific Railroad, \ 

No. 114 South Third street, Philadelphia. 

co-operation with committee of citizens of philadelphia. 

December 9, 1872. 
Mr. Loring offered the following: 

Resolved, That the executive committee is hereby instructed to con- 
fer and co-operate with the committee of the citizens of Philadelphia 



128 EEPORT OF THE U. S. CENTENNIAL COMMISSION. 

who have been appointed for the aiding of the objects of this com- 
mission. 

Which was read and adopted. 

CO-OPERATION OF THE ESSEX COUNTY AGRICULTURAL ASSOCIATION OF 

MASSACHUSETTS. 

Mr. Loring, of Massachusetts, made a statement that the Essex 
County Agricultural Society, Massachusetts, had chosen a committee 
of their society to co-operate with this commission. 

In reply to Form No. 10, a circular addressed to agricultural socie- 
ties, inviting co-operation, many responses have been received express- 
ing the utmost enthusiasm and interest in the work, and a desire to co- 
operate effectively in making the exhibition worthy of the nation. 

May 28, 1872. 
The president submitted a communication from Bunk, Longacre & 
Co., designers, engravers, aud printers, of Philadelphia, who propose to 
publish a scientific journal, with especial interest to the centennial an- 
niversary, and asking a conference with the appropriate committee of 
the commission on the subject; which was read and laid on the table. 

OFFICERS AND ASSISTANTS EMPLOYED BY THE COMMISSION. 

Counselor and solicitor. 

May 24, 1872. 

Mr. Byrd, of Alabama, offered the following, to wit: 

Resolved, That a legal counsellor and solicitor for this commission be 
elected by ballot, whose duty it shall be to attend the meetings of any 
of the standing committees when requested so to do, and to give legal 
advice on all questions submitted by said committees, or either of them, 
and to draw all contracts and documents designated by this commission, 
or either of said committees, and who shall be entitled to a seat on the 
floor during the sessions of the commission, and give legal advice on 
any question submitted to him by the commission, and to perform all 
other duties which may be prescribed by the commission, and shall hold 
office during the pleasure of this body. 

Which was read and adopted. 

May 25, 1872. 

The president- announced that the hour of 11 o'clock having arrived, 
the commission would now proceed to the election of counselor and 
solicitor of the commission, being the special order for this hour, under 
the resolution adopted yesterday. 
* Nominations being in order, Mr. Byrd, of Alabama, said: 

I take great pleasure in nominating for this office a gentleman well 
known to every member of the commission, who, by his services in pro- 
moting the success of the enterprise from the very beginning, deserves 
the compliment, and by his talents and ability as a lawyer and his hon- 
orable position in the community is fitted to fill the office, John L. Shoe- 
maker, esq., of Philadelphia. 

There being no other nomination, Mr. Campbell, of Indiana, moved 
that the gentleman named be elected by acclamation ; which was unan- 
imously agreed to. 

The president thereupon declared John L. Shoemaker duly elected 
counselor and solicitor of the commission. 

On his election, Mr. Shoemaker addressed the following letter 



SECTION VIII OFFICERS AND ASSISTANTS. 129 

To the president and members of the United States Centennial Commission. 

Gentlemen : I have the honor to acknowledge the great compliment 
yon have conferred upon me, by selecting me to be the counselor and 
solicitor of the commission. 

This unexpected mark of your confidence is the more gratifying from 
the unanimity of the vote by which the question was decided. 

Having, from the earliest inception of the enterprise, felt a deep inter- 
est in its success, I thank you for thus officially connecting me profes- 
sionally with the commission ; and. it will be my pleasing duty, to the 
best of my ability, to aid and promote the great w T ork in every way in 
my power. 

Very respectfully, your obedient servant, 

JOHN L. SHOEMAKER. 

Philadelphia, May 30, 1872. 

December 4, 1S72. 

The executive commissioner reported : 

The office work and correspondence increased rapidly as the time 
drew near for the appointment in the several States of the financial 
agents of the commission. It became necessary, in order to meet the 
many and varied demands for information regarding the work and the 
nature of the proposed exhibition, to secure additional assistance. It 
was, also, important to make provision in season for a part, at least, of 
the vast amount of literary labor required to be performed in connection 
with the development of the undertaking confided to the commission. I 
therefore, with the assent of the chairman of the executive committee, 
called to my aid Mr. Henry D. J. Pratt, the chief of the first diplomatic 
bureau of the State Department at Washington. Mr. Pratt's expe- 
rience in conducting the correspondence of the Government with the 
United States commission at Paris in 1867, and in the New York agency 
of the exhibition, together with his other qualifications, render him 
especially well fitted to assist us, and I was therefore gratified to receive 
from him an acceptance of the proposition and to welcome him as a co- 
laborer in our great work. 

Respectfully submitted. W. P. BLAKE, 

Executive Commissioner. 

May 28, 1872. 

Mr. Cleveland, of New Jersey, offered the following, to wit : 

Resolved, That the office of executive commissioner be, and the same 
is hereby, constituted, and that the executive committee be authorized 
to prescribe the duties and fix the compensation of such executive com- 
missioner until the December meeting of this commission, and that his 
term of office shall be during the pleasure of this commission. 

Which was read and adopted. 

Mr. French, of Mississippi, moved that we do now proceed to the elec- 
tion of executive commissioner under the foregoing resolution ; which 
was agreed to. 

Nominations being in order, 

Mr. Sawyer, of Utah, nominated William P. Blake, alternate commis- 
sioner of Connecticut, for the office. ♦ 

There being no other nomination, 

Mr. French, of Mississippi, moved that the gentleman named be 
elected by acclamation; which was unanimously agreed to. 

The president thereupon declared William P. Blake duly elected 
executive commissioner under said resolution. 
H. Mis. 99 9 



130 EEPORT OF THE U. S. CENTENNIAL COMMISSION. 

December 5, 1872. 
Mr. Smith, of Georgia, offered the following, to wit: 
Resolved, That a committee of seven members be appointed by the 
chair, who shall report to the commission a list of such officers as shall 
be proper to be employed by the commission during- the recess before the 
next meeting, and shall specifically define the duties of each and the 
proper compensation to be paid to each. 
. Which was read and adopted. 

The president appointed Messrs. Lewis Wain Smith, of Georgia ; Wm. 
M. Byrd, of Alabama; Daniel J. Morrell, of Pennsylvania; Alfred T 
Goshorn, of Ohio; Orestes Cleveland, of New Jersey; Ohas. H. Mar- 
shall, of New York; and Wm. F. Prosser, of Tennessee, the committee 
under the resolution. 

December 9, 1872. 

Mr. Creigh, of California, offered the following, to wit : 

Resolved, That the executive committee report the number of clerks 
and attendants employed in the office of the commission since the last 
session, stating the names and respective monthly compensation of each, 
and report to this body on Tuesday morning next. 

Which having been read, 

Mr. Loring, of Massachusetts, moved that the resolution be referred 
to the special committee of seven appointed to report relative to the 
officers required by the commission, their duties and compensation. 
Which was agreed to. 

Mr. Loring, of Massachusetts, offered the following, to wit : 

Resolved, That suitable persons shall be selected from time to time, 
as the necessities of the exhibition shall require, to act as secretaries of 
the various divisions of the exhibition according to the classification ; 
and that a standing committee of five, to be selected by the chair, shall 
be constituted, by whom such secretaries shall be nominated, subject to 
confirmation by the executive committee. 

Which having been read, and the question being on the adoption of 
the resolution, 

Mr. Byrd, of Alabama, moved that the resolution be referred to the 
executive committee ; which was not agreed to. • The question still 
being on the adoption of the resolution, 

Mr. Byrd, of Alabama, moved that the further consideration of the 
resolution be postponed until to-morrow ; which was agreed to. 

December 10, 1872. 
The president announced his appointment of the following gentlemen 
on the special committee on nominations of secretaries of departments : 
Mr. Loring, of Massachusetts; Mr. Goldsmith, of Vermont ; Mr. Donald- 
son, of Idaho; Mr. Marshall, of New York; and Mr. Adams, of Florida. 

December 10, 1872. 
Mr. Goshorn, of Ohio, from the special committee of seven appointed 
to consider and report what officers are necessary for the commission, 
submitted the following majority report : 

To the United States Centennial Commission : 

The committee of seven appointed to report what officers are required 
to carry out the objects of the commission between this time and the an- 
nual meeting of May next, &c, respectfully report that the by-laws are 



SECTION VIII OFFICERS AND ASSISTANTS. 131 

found to provide for a sufficient number of regular officers till the annual 
meeting of the commission ; and, upon examination, the committee find 
that the duties of the secretary are amply and clearly defined. 

In view of the fact that the commission will meet again so soon, your 
committee recommends that no permanent secretary be elected at this 
session, and that the office of temporary secretary be continued with- 
out salary, and that he shall have power to appoint two assistant secre- 
taries, by and with the advice and consent of the executive committee ; 
the duties of such assistants to be defined by the secretary, subject to 
the approval of the executive committee. 

The executive committee should also have power to appoint such 
other assistants as may be required in the office of the secretary from 
time to time, define their duties and fix their compensation. The sala- 
ries of the assistant secretaries shall be fixed by the executive com- 
mittee, not to exceed the rate of $2,000 each per annum. 

The office of executive commissioner to be continued at the discretion 
of the executive committee, but not beyond the session of the commis- 
sion in May next. 

The duties of the executive commissioner your committee recommend 
shall be fully defined by the executive committee, aud the executive 
commissioner to report to said committee from time to time as the 
committee may require, and he to be in all things under the control 
and at the service of said committee. 

The salary of the executive commissioner to 'remain as now fixed by 
the executive committee. 

Iu case of a vacancy in the office of executive commissioner by res- 
ignation, which may be made to the committee, or from any other cause, 
the executive committee shall have power to fill such vacancy if it is 
deemed necessary by the committee. 

All of which is respectfully submitted. 

A. T. GOSHORN. 
D. J. MOERELL. 
O. CLEVELAND. 
CHAS. H. MARSHALL. 
W. F. PROSSEB. 

I concur in the foregoing report, except so far as it relates to the 
office of temporary secretary. My personal desire to be relieved from, 
all the duties of my office is so great that, unless there be an absolute 
necessity for the continuance of the office, I am unwilling to assent to 
the action of the majority of the committee. 

LEWIS WALN SMITH. 

Which having been read, Mr. Byrd, of Alabama, submitted the follow- 
ing minority report : 

To the members of the Centennial Commission : 

Gentlemen : The undersigned dissents from the report of the ma- 
jority of the committee appointed to report what officers are required, 
to define their respective duties, and fix their compensation, and recom- 
mends in place of said report the following, to wit: 

1. That a permanent secretary be elected, as provided in the by-laws, 
whose duties are sufficiently defined therein, at a salary of four thousand 
dollars per annum, and that he be allowed to appoint, with the approval 
of the executive committee, a first and second assistant secretary, at a 
compensation not exceeding two thousand dollars per annum for the 
first assistant, and fifteen hundred dollars for the second. 



132 KEPOET OF THE U. S. CENTENNIAL COMMISSION. 

2. That the office of executive commissioner be discontinued, and 
the executive committee be, and is. hereby, authorized to employ two 
secretaries, one at a salary not to exceed four thousand dollars, and the 
other at a salary not to exceed two thousand dollars per annum, whose 
duties shall be to execute the orders of said committee and do whatever 
is required of them by said committee. Said committee shall assign to 
the secretary of the commission such portions of the building leased <3n 
Walnut street as may be necessary for the business of the office, and 
all other portions of the building shall be under the control of the 
executive committee, and the executive committee may employ such 
temporary clerks or employes as may in their judgment be necessary, 
and give such compensation as may be agreed upon. 

3. That the arrangements which may be made under this report shall 
expire during the regular session of this commission in May, 1873. 

Respectfully submitted. 

WM. M. BYED. 

Which was also read. 

Mr. Gantt, of Arkansas, moved that the report of the majority of the 
committee, with the recommendations made by them, be adopted. 

Mr. Sawyer, of Utah, moved to amend the motion by striking out the 
word u majority ," and inserting in place thereof the word " minority f 9 
which was not agreed to. 

The question recurring upon the motiou to adopt the majority report, 

The yeas and nays were required by Mr. Byrd, of Alabama, seconded 
by Mr. Sawyer, of Utah, and resulted as follows : 

Yeas — Arkansas, Delaware, Florida, Idaho, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, 
Maine, Massachusetts, Missouri, New Jersey, North Carolina, Ohio, 
Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, West 
Virginia, and Wisconsin — 21. 

Nays — Alabama, California, Dakota, and Utah — 4. 

So the motion was agreed to. 

Mr. Campbell, of Indiana, from the committee on foreign affairs, sub- 
mitted the following report, to wit : 

co-operation of japanese authorities invited. 

March 11, 1872. 
Mr. Parsons, of Texas, offered the following, to wit : 
Resolved, That the committee on legislation be, and they are hereby, 
instructed to forthwith proceed to Washington City as a special depu- 
tation to visit, on behalf of the United States Centennial Commission, 
the Japanese embassy, now in that city, and to communicate to them 
that it is the intention of the Government and people of the United 
States to commemorate the one hundredth year of our national exist- 
ence by an exhibition, in 1876, of the arts, manufactures, and products 
of the soil and mine of all nations, and to solicit the personal action of 
the embassy to enlist the interest of the imperial government and 
people of Japan, in a full representation of the arts, industry, and pro- 
ducts of their nation, to this international exhibition. 
Which was read, and unanimously adopted. 

May 23, 1872. 

Mr. Atwood, of Wisconsin, from the committee on legislation, pre- 
sented the- following report : 

Your committee on legislation would respectfully report: That in ac- 
cordance with instruction of the commission, by resolution adopted 






SECTION VIII — JAPANESE CO-OPERATION. 133 

May 11, 1872, the committee proceeded to the city of Washington, "to 
visit, on behalf of the United States Centennial Commission, the Japa- 
nese embassy, to communicate to them that it is the intention of the 
Government and people of the United States to commemorate the one 
hundredth year of our natioual existence, by an exhibition, in 1876, of 
the arts, manufactures, and products of the soil and mines of all na- 
tions, and to solicit the personal action of the embassy to enlist the in- 
terest of the imperial government aud people of Japan, in a full repre- 
sentation of the arts, industry, and products of their nation to this in- 
ternational exhibition." The committee at once succeeded in making 
arrangements for an interview with the embassy in a body, to take 
place at the Arlington House on the evening of the 14th of March, at 
8 o'clock. At the time appointed the embassy assembled and received 
the members of the committee in the most cordial manner. Through 
the courtesy of Hon C. E. DeLong, United States minister to Japan, 
the several members of the committee were presented to the distin- 
guished representatives of the imperial government of Japan. After 
, the proper introductions, Commissioner At wood, of Wisconsin, chair- 
man of the committee, addressed the embassy as follows : 

Your Excellencies : A commission has been organized under a 
law of Congress of the United States, consisting of representatives 
from each State and Territory comprising this republic, to prepare for 
commemorating the one hundredth anniversary of American Inde- 
pendence, by holding an international exhibition of arts, manufactures, 
and products of the soil and mines, in the city of Philadelphia, in the 
year 1876, in which the people of all nations will be invited to join. 
This commission has appointed a committee to wait upon your excellen- 
cies, to express the high respect and kindly feeling of that body, and 
of the people they represent, towards yourselves individually and the 
government and people of Japan, and to invite you to participate in 
this commemorative exposition. 

The details concerning this exposition will be officiary communicated 
by our Government to the diplomatic representatives of all nations, for 
publication in their respective countries ; but the commission deems it 
fitting at this time to invite your attention to the subject, and to ex- 
plain that it is the purpose of the people of the United States to cele- 
brate this centennial anniversary by an exposition of the natural re- 
sources of the country and their development, and of our progress in 
the arts which benefit mankind in comparison with the arts and pro- 
gress of older nations. 

The appearance of the imperial embassy from Japan in our country 
is a subject for hearty congratulation. Coming here, as you do, for the 
purpose of social intercourse with our people, and seeking information 
hi regard to our institutions, is an indication of the sincere friendship 
and respect of your people for ours. The liberal and enlightened policy 
which has brought you here must result in good to the people of both 
nations. Intimate social relations will naturally be followed by a more 
extended commercial intercourse. Let us hope that a reciprocal friend- 
ship will continue betweeu the two countries, that can be sundered or 
estranged only with the end of time. 

I now, in behalf of the committee, have the honor to present to your 
excellencies a copy of the resolution of the Centennial Commission. Per- 
mit us to hope that you will use your personal and official influence to 
induce a full representation of the imperial government of Japan in the 
International Exposition at Philadelphia in the year 1876. 



134 EEPORT OF THE U. S.- CENTENNIAL COMMISSION. 

Philadelphia, March 11, 1872. 

At a meeting of the United States Centennial Commission, held in the 
city of Philadelphia, in the State of Pennsylvania, United States of 
America, on the 11th day of March, 1872, the following resolution was 
unanimously adopted : 

Resolved, That the committee on legislation be, and they arehereby, 
instructed to forthwith proceed to the city of Washington, as a special 
deputation, to visit, on behalf of the United States Centennial Commis- 
sion, the Japanese embassy, to communicate to them that it is the in- 
tention of the Government and people of the United States to com- 
memorate the one hundredth year of our national existence by an exhi- 
bition in 1876 of the arts, manufactures, and products of the soil and 
and mines of all nations, and to solicit the personal action of the embassy 
to enlist the interest of the imperial government and people of Japan 
in a full representation of. the arts, industry, and products of their 
nation, to this International Exhibition. 

JOS. E. HAWLEY, President. 
By WM. P. BLAKE, Commissioner Alternate. 

Attest : 
Lewis Waln Smith, Secretary. 

To their excellencies, the ambassadors of His Imperial Majesty, the Mikado 
of Japan : 
We have the honor of presenting to your excellencies the foregoing 
copy of the resolution unanimously adopted by the United States Cen- 
tennial Commission of this date. 

DAVID ATWOOD, of Wisconsin, Chairman, 

O. CLEVELAND, of New Jersey, 

WM. M. BYED, of Alabama, 

WM. F. PEOSSER, of Tennessee, 

J. E. DEXTEE, M. D., of District of Columbia, 

SOLOMON L. SPINK, of Dakota, 

WM. H. CLAGETT, of Montana, 

United States Commissioners. 

In reply, Iwalaira, on behalf of the embassy, spoke as follows : 

Mr. Chairman and* Gentlemen of the Committee : On behalf 
of the embassy and our Emperor and people, we thank you for the kind 
invitation extended to our country to assist in the International Expo- 
sition, to beheld in Philadelphia in the year 1876. It will afford us great 
pleasure to recommend to His Majesty our Emperor such steps as may 
be necessary to unite with you in celebrating the one hundredth anni- 
versary of the existence of the Government of the United States, as 
indicated above. 

At the conclusion of the ceremonies a few moments were spent in pri- 
vate conversation, through the assistance of interpreters, aud the com-, 
mittee withdrew. The utmost good feeling was expressed by the dif- 
ferent members of the embassy towards our Government and people. 
The committee indulge the hope that much good will result to the great 
work this commission has in charge from the interview, the particulars 
of which have been set forth in this report. 

Eespectfully submitted. 

DAVID ATWOOD, 
Chairman Committee on Legislation. 

Which having been read, was, on motion, accepted and ordered to be 
printed. 



SECTION IX BY-LAWS. 135 

SECTION 9. 
BY-LAWS. 

March 6, 1872. 
Mr. Lewis Wain Smith, of Georgia, chairman of the committee on by- 
laws, submitted the following report^ to wit : 

BY-LAWS OF THE " UNITED STATES CENTENNIAL COMMISSION." 

Article 1. — Official title. — This body shall be known as " The United 
States Centennial Commission," as provided for by the act of Congress 
approved March 3, 1871, and the celebration for the conduct of which 
the commission is appointed shall be known as " The International Ex- 
hibition of 1876." 

Article 2. — Quorum. — A quorum for the transaction of business shall 
consist of the commissioners representing not less than thirteen States 
and Territories. 

Article 3. — Poicer of alternate commissioner. — An alternate com- 
missioner shall have all the powers of a commissioner when the commis- 
sioner is not present at any meeting. When the commissioner is present 
the alternate may participate in the debates, and serve on committees, 
but shall have no vote. 

Article 4. — Officers of tlie commission. — The officers of the commis- 
sion shall consist of a president and five vice-presidents, all of whom 
shall be chosen from among the members of this commission. They 
shall be elected at the first stated meeting. The terms of the officers 
then elected shall expire on the first Wednesday of May, 1873 ; after 
which time the officers elected shall hold for one year. In case of a 
failure to elect at the time specified, the officers then serving shall con- 
tinue until the choice of their successors. 

Article 5. — Election of secretary. — The commission shall, at a sub- 
sequent stated meeting, elect a secretary, who shall hold his office at 
the pleasure of the commission : Provided., That until such election a 
member of the commission shall be chosen to act as temporary secre- 
tary. 

Article 6. — Election of treasurer. — A treasurer shall be elected by 
the commission. He shall give security in such a sum and of such a 
character as to meet the approval of the executive committee, or such 
other committee as may be designated by the commission. 

Article 7. — Executive committee. — The president shall nominate, 
subject to the approval of the commission, at its first session, an execu- 
tive committee, consisting of seven members. The said committee shall 
have power to act on such questions as shall arise during the recess of 
the commission, subject to the approval of the commission at its next 
stated meeting. A majority of its members shall constitute a quorum, 
and shall have power to make such regulations for their own govern- 
ment as to them shall seem proper. They shall elect such officers and 
agents as they shall'deem necessary, shall define their duties, and fix their 
compensation. They shall report fully all their transactions to the com- 
mission from time to time for approval. In case of any vacancy happen- 
ing when the commission is not in session, the same shall be filled by 
the president, subject to confirmation by the commission at the next 
stated meeting. 



136 REPORT OF THE U. S. CENTENNIAL COMMISSION. 

Article 8. — Duties of the president — The president shall preside at all 
the meetings of the commission. He shall appoint all committees, unless 
otherwise ordered. He shall, at the request of the executive committee, 
call special meetings of the commission, giving not less than thirty days' 
notice to each member, and shall have all 'the powers and privileges in- 
cident to the position of presiding officer. He shall be ex-officio member 
of all committees. 

Article 9. — Duties of the vice-presidents. — A vice-president shall, in 
the absence of the president, perform his duties, each taking precedence 
in accordance with the order of his selection. 

Article 10. — Duties of secretary. — The secretary shall conduct all 
correspondence of the commission. He shall receive and carefully file 
all documents relative to the business of the commission. He shall be 
present at the office of the commission, in the city of Philadelphia, and 
carry out any orders of the commission or the executive committee. He 
shall keep minutes of all transactions, and at each meeting, or when 
required, report all matters of interest to the commission and the exec- 
utive committee. All books, documents, and papers 'in his possession 
shall, at all times, be open to the inspection of any member. 

Article 11. — Duties of treasurer. — The treasurer shall hold all moneys 
belonging to the commission. He shall deposit the same in such depos- 
itory as may be designated by the commission, and draw the same only 
on proper warrants of the authorized officer. He shall keep accurate 
accounts of all the receipts and expenditures, and shall report the same 
in detail to the executive committee quarterly, or oftener, if required 
by them, and also at each meeting of the commission. His books shall 
at all times be open to any one of the commissioners. 

Article 12. — Payment of moneys. — No money shall be drawn from 
the treasury of the commission, except on specific appropriations made 
by the commission or the executive committee, and under such rules 
and restrictions as the executive committee shall prescribe. 

Article 13. — Standing committees. — The president shall appoint the 
following committees, to hold for one year, or until discharged by the 
commission: A committee on finance, to consist of five members ; a 
committee on plans and architecture, to consist of seven members; a 
committee on tariff and transportation, to consist of seven members ; 
a committee on foreign affairs, to consist of five members ; and a com- 
mittee on opening ceremonies, to consist of five members, to whom shall 
be referred such matters as appropriately belong to their respective 
duties. 

Article 14. — Stated meetings. — Stated annual meetings of the com- 
mission shall be held on the first Wednesday of May of each year after 
1872. 

Article 15. — Rules of parliamentary law. — The rules of parliamentary 
law as laid down in Cushing's Manual shall be the rules governing the 
deliberations of the commission, except when they conflict with the 
provisions of these by-laws. 

Article 16. — Amendments to oy-laws. — Amendments to these by-laws 
shall only be made at a meeting of the commission, as provided for in 
the fifth section of the act of Congress. 

Which having been read, 

Mr. Gleveland, of New Jersey, moved that the report be adopted and 
the committee discharged from the further consideration of the subject; 
which was agreed to. 



SECTION IX— AMENDMENT OF BY-LAWS, ETC. 137 

amendment of by-laws. 

December 9, 1872. 

Mr. Pruyn, of Xew York, from the executive committee, (at the re- 
quest of the chairman; Mr. Morrell, of Pennsylvania,) submitted a verbal 
report, that the executive committee, after a careful consideration of the 
subject, are of the opinion that the duties and powers of the committee 
should be more clearly defined than they are by the existing by-laws, 
and presented for the consideration of the commission the following 
resolution, to wit: 

Resolved, That Article 7 of the by-laws be amended so as to read as 
follows : 

EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE. 

Article 7. The executive committee shall consist of nine mem- 
bers of this commission, seven of whom shall be nominated by the pres- 
ident and appointed by the commission, and two shall be members ex 
officio, to wit : The chairman of the committee on u plans and agricul- 
ture," and the chairman of the committee on " finance." 

Four members of the committee duly convened, shall constitute a 
quorum, and the committee shall report their transactions to the com- 
mission at each of its stated meetings. The committee shall have power 
to make such regulations for the transaction of their business as they 
may, from time to time, deem proper. They may elect such officers and 
agents as they shall deem necessary, shall define their duties and fix 
their compensation. During the sessions of the commission, the com- 
mittee shall have all the powers usually exercised by the executive 
committees of corporate bodies ; and, in the recess of the commission, 
shall have all the powers and authority of this commission which can 
be delegated to such committee of its own body. In case of a vacancy 
in the committee during the recess of the commission the same shall be 
filled by the president, until action shall be taken thereon by the com- 
mission. 

Which having been read, and the question being on the resolution, 
before taking a vote thereon, 

Mr. Creigh, of California, moved that the commission do now take a 
recess until 3.30 o'clock this afternoon; which was agreed to. 

The hour of 3.30 o'clock p. m. having arrived, the commission re-as- 
sembled, 

Mr. Lowry, of Iowa, fifth vice-president, acting as president. 

The commission resumed the consideration of the resolution to amend 
Article 7 of the by-laws ; and the question being on the adoption of 
the resolution, 

Mr. Byrd, of Alabama, moved that the resolution be amended by in- 
serting the words u executive and administrative," immediately before 
the words u powers and authority ;" which was agreed to. 

The question being on agreeing to the resolution as amended, the 
subject was discussed by Mr. Spink of Dakota, Mr. Nye of Maine, Mr. 
Byrd of Alabama, and by Mr 3 Bernard of Florida, who moved that the 
further consideration of the subject be postponed until to-morrow morn- 
ing at 10 o'clock; which was not agreed to. 

The question still being on agreeing to the resolution as amended, 

Mr. Bernard, of Florida, moved to further amend the resolution by 
inserting the words, "Provided, That the acts of this committee shall 



138 KEPORT OF THE U. S. CENTENNIAL COMMISSION, 

be subject to the approval of this commission at its next stated meeting." 

On the question, Will the commission agree to the motion to further 
amend the resolution? the yeas and nays were required by Mr. Matthews, 
of Illinois, and seconded by Mr. Martin, of Kansas, and resulted as 
follows : 

Yeas — Dakota, Florida, Oregon, and Utah — 4. 

Nats — Alabama, Arkansas, California, Connecticut, Illinois, Indiana, 
Iowa, Kansas, Maine, Massachusetts, Michigan, Mississippi, Missouri, 
New Jersey, North Carolina, Ohio, Tenn esse, West Virginia, and Wis- 
consin — 18. 

So the question was decided in the negative. 

The question still being on agreeing to the resolution as amended, 

The yeas and nays were required by Mr. Spink, of Dakota, seconded 
by Mr. Dufur, of Oregon, and resulted as follows: 

Yeas — Alabama, Arkansas, California, Connecticut, Illinois, Indiana, 
Kansas, Maine, Massachusetts, Michigan, Mississippi, Missouri, New 
Jersey, North Carolina, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Tennessee, 
Virginia, West Virginia, and Wisconsin — 21, 

Nays — Dakota, Florida, Iowa, Oregon, and Utah — 5. 

So the resolution as amended was finally adopted. 

Mr. Spink, of Dakota, offered the following : 

Resolved, That whenever thirteen members of the commission shall 
apply to the President in writing to that effect, he shall within thirty 
days call an extra session of the commission. 

Which was read and adopted. 



SECTION 10. 

SEAL AND COAT-OF-ARMS OF UNITED STATES CENTENNIAL COMMISSION. 

May 28, 1872. 

Mr. Williams, of Minnesota, offered the following, to wit: 

Resolved, That a special committee of three members be appointed by 
the chair to prepare a design for a seal or coat-of-arms for the use of 
this body, with such emblematic or heraldic devices as may be deemed 
suitable, and report at the December session. 

Which was read andadopted. 

The president appointed J. Fletcher Williams, of Minnesota, Lewis 
Wain Smith, of Georgia, and John S. Adams', of Florida, the committee 
under the resolution. 

December 4, 1872. 

Mr. Smith, of Georgia, also, from the special committee appointed to 
prepare a design for a seal or coat-of-arms for the commission, submitted 
the following report : 

To the United States Centennial Commission : 

Gentlemen : The undersigned committee, appointed to prepare a 
design for a seal or coat-of-arms for the use of the Centennial Commis- 
sion, have duly considered the subject at meetings held at the Astor 
House, New York, on September 17 and 18, and at other times, and 
have adopted the following design : 

The seal to be of circular shape, about two inches in diameter. Within 



SECTION X — SEAL AND COAT-OF-ARMS. 139 

inner and outer concentric circles will be tlie legal or official title of 
this body: "The United States Centennial Commission," (see 
art. 1, by-laws.) The vignette, to be placed in the center of the seal, will 
be a view of Independence Hall, as it appeared at the time of the adop- 
tion of the Declaration of Independence. In the foreground, or beneath 
the vignette of the building, will be the words: "Proclaim liberty 

THROUGHOUT THE LA^D, AND TO ALL THE INHABITANTS THEREOF." 

At the foot of seal within the outer and inner circles will be the dates, 
"1770-1876," showing the beginning and completion of the first cen- 
tury of national existence, begun by the Declaration of Independence, 
adopted July 4, 1776. 

While an infinite variety of designs, each appropriate and beautiful, 
could be adopted, your committee believe that nothing more compre- 
hensive, apt, and suggestive than the design offered herewith can be 
devised. It shows, in a glance, the birth of the nation, that grand 
event, the proper celebration of which this commission was created to 
effect. 

As there was a pressing necessity for the seal for immediate use, the 
committee (immediately after the adoption of the design) instructed one 
of its number, Mr. Lewis Wain Smith, to have it properly engraved, and 
this has been done. It is intended that the design should be engraved 
in different ways for the various uses desired : on wood, as a vignette for 
our journals and other printed documents; as a legal seal, to use in a 
press, and stamp on all legal and official papers; and on steel, for letter- 
heads and other uses. In the latter form we suggest that it can be sur- 
rounded by a circlet composed of the coats-of-arms of all the States and 
Territories." 




Eespectfully submitted. 

J. FLETCHEB WILLIAMS, Minnesota, 
LEWIS WALK SMITH, Georgia, 
J. S. ADAMS, Florida, 

Committee. 
Which having been read, 

Mr. Matthews, of Illinois, moved that the report of the committee be 
accepted ; which was agreed to. 

Mr. Stevens, of Kew Jersey, moved that the design, as recommended 
by the committee on seal, be adopted as the seal of the commission; 
which was agreed to. 



140 REPORT OF THE U. S. CENTENNIAL COMMISSION. 

SECTION 11. 
organization of auxiliary associations and committees. 

March 6, 1872. 

Mr. Atwood, of Wisconsin, offered the following, to wit: 

Resolved, That a committee of five be appointed by the president to 
ask such further legislation, both national and State, as will be neces- 
sary to enable this commission to accomplish the end for which it was 
created, and as will secure harmony in the action of national and State 
authorities. 

Which was read and agreed to. 

March 11, 1872. 

Mr. Baxter, of Yermont, offered the following, to wit : 

Resolved) That the governors of the several States and Territories be 
requested, through State organizations, to assist and co-operate with 
the commissioners appointed by them, in the matter of Str.te legislation, 
if required, and in every way that may awaken an interest, and tend to 
promote and bring to the best results the objects of this commission. 

Which was read and unanimously adopted. 

May 23, 1872. 

Mr. Powell, of Ehode Island, offered the following, to wit : 

Resolved) That a special committee of five be appointed, with instruc- 
tions to prepare a general plan for action, to be referred to the legisla- 
tures of the several States and Territories, in co-operation with this 
commission. , 

«. Which having been read, 

Mr. Byrd, of Alabama, moved to amend the resolution by adding the 
words " and that the committee be instructed to report at the meeting 
in May, 1873, or earlier, if possible." 

Mr. Adams, of Florida, moved that the further consideration of the 
subject be postponed until the session this afternoon ; which was 
agreed to. 

May 29, 1872. 

Mr. Stevens, of New Jersey, moved that the two special committees, 
one ( n an address to the several legislatures of the States and Territo- 
ries, and the other on an address to the people of the United states, be 
reqi ested to send the draught of the addresses prepared by them to the 
exe( utive committee, and that the executive committee have the same 
prii ted and distributed as contemplated by the resolutions authorizing 
the preparation of said addresses. Which was agreed to. 

Mr. Powel, of Ehode Island, from the special committee to prepare 
an address to the several States and Territories, submitted the follow- 
ing: 

Your committee to whom was referred the preparation of a general 
plan of action to be referred to the legislatures of the several States 
and Territories, report the following circular to be addressed to the 
governors of the several States and Territories. 

SAMUEL POWEL, Ehode Island, CWn. 
*JAS. L. COOPEE, Alabama. 
JOHN WASSON, Arizona. 
OSOAE G. SAWYEE, Utah. 
GEOEGE A. CEAWFOED, Kansas. 



SECTION XI — ORGANIZATION OF ASSOCIATIONS, ETC. 141 

Rooms of the United States Centennial Commission, 

Philadelphia, May 29, 1872. 

Your excellency is well aware that Congress has provided by law for 
holding an international exhibition of arts, manufactures, and products 
of the soil and mine, in the city of Philadelphia, and the State of Penn- 
sylvania, in the year eighteen huudred and seventy-six. 

The United States Centennial Commission, acting by authority of law, 
at its session held in Philadelphia on the 28th day of May, 1872, passed 
the following resolution : 

" Resolved, That a special committee of five be appointed, with in- 
structions to prepare a general plan of action, to be referred to the leg- 
islatures of the several States and Territories, in co-operation with this 
commission." 

And in compliance therewith we, the undersigned, appointed in pur- 
suance thereof, request that you will invite the attention of your legis- 
lature to the movement, and urge them to adopt, from time to time, such 
legislation as shall seem best fitted to carry out the objects of the com- 
mission, and to appoint some capable body whose influence in their own 
State or Territory shall tend to develop local interest and co-opera- 
tion with the great work of the commission. And we respectfully sug- 
gest that proper provision be made for early and thorough organization 
in the State or Territory, and for communication with the secretary of 
this commission. 
Which having been read. 

Mr. Biruey, of Michigan, moved that the report be. accepted and the 
address be adopted. Which was agreed to. 

May 29, 1872. 

Mr. Stevens, of New Jersey, offered the following, to wit: 

Resolved, That in the opinion of this board we consider it desirable 
that we should be supported by State and Territorial organizations. 

Resolved, That we would recommend to the State and Territorial au- 
thorities that such organizations be formed so that the objects of this 
exposition be placed before each individual of the nation. 

Resolved, That in order to carry out the above it be further recom- 
mended that a board be formed in each State and Territory, of which 
the governor shall be ex-officio chairman, and the commissioners and 
alternates of this commission members, together with such an additional 
number as may be thought advisable by the proper authorities. 

Resolved, That such organizations be the only authorized channels to 
communicate with the commission. Which having been read, 

Mr. Stevens of New Jersey, moved that the resolutions be referred to 
the special'committee on address; which was agreed to. 

In conformity with the foregoing, the chairman of the executive com- 
mittee forwarded to the governors of the several States and Territories 
the following circular : 

(Form No. 19.) 

Sir: Your excellency is well aware that Congress has provided by 
law for holding an international exhibition of arts, manufactures, and 
products of the soil and mine, in the city of Philadelphia, and the State 
of Pennsylvania, in the year eighteen hundred and seventy-six. 

The United States Centennial Commission, appointed in accordance 
with said law, at its session held in Philadelphia on the twenty-eighth 
day of May, 1872, passed the following resolution: 

Resolved, That a special committee of five be appointed, with instruc- 
tions to call the attention of the legislatures of the several States and 
Territories to the work of the commission and to invite their co-operation 
therein. 



142 EEPOET OF THE U. S. CENTENNIAL COMMISSION. 

In compliance with the above resolution the undersigned committee 
request that you will lay this subject before your legislature, and ask it 
to adopt, from time to time, such legislation as shall seem best fitted to 
carry out the objects of the commission, and to appoint a capable body 
with such powers, and possessing such influence within your State or 
Territory, as will tend to develop local interest, and induce co-operation 
in the work of the commission. Hoping that these suggestions will 
be received with favor, we would respectfully ask that all action in the 
premises shall be promptly communicated to the secretary of the com- 
mission. 

SAMUEL POWEL, Ehode Island, Ch'n. 

JAS. L. COOPEE, Alabama. 

JOHN WASSON, Arizona. 

OSCAR G. SAWYEE, Utah. 

GEOEGE A. OEAWFOBD, Kansas. 

The foregoing report of the special committee was adopted by the 
commission at its last meeting, and it was made the duty of the execu- 
tive committee to transmit it to your excellency. In discharging this 
duty, permit us to add that tbe subject of State and Territorial organi- 
zation is regarded as of extreme importance to the efficiency and suc- 
cess of the centennial celebration and exhibition. It has already 
received considerable thought aud attention by the commission, and in 
some of the States it has been proposed to form auxiliary centennial 
associations in the congressional districts. It is probable that at the 
next meeting of the commission in December, a comprehensive and 
uniform plan for State and Territorial organization will be adopted and 
submitted for your favorable consideration. 

We transmit for your acceptance and information a copy of the acts 
of Congress, a list of the officers and members of the commission, its 
journal, and other publications. The circular letter (Form 10) has 
been distributed to the many agricultural and mechanical associations 
throughout the United States, in order to direct their attention to the 
work of the commission, and to secure their co-operation. 

It is not necessary to explain to your excellency the significance and 
importance of the proposed celebration. Your prompt aud earnest aid 
in carrying out the provisions of the acts of Congress relating thereto 
is confidently invoked. A reference to the subject in your annual mes- 
sage to the legislature would greatly assist this national effort to fit- 
tingly celebrate the centennial anniversary of the Independence of the 
United States. 

Very respectfully, your obedient servant, 

DANIEL J. MOEEELL, 
Chairman of the Executive Committee. 

Philadelphia, Pa., November, 1872. 

December 6. 1872. 

Mr. Blake, of Connecticut, presented a communication from W. M. 
Swayne, relative to the organization of the centennial auxiliary associ- 
ation of the seventh congressional district of Pennsylvania j which 
was read, aud referred to the executive committee. 

December 4, 1872. 
Executive commissioner reported: 

CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT ORGANIZATIONS. 

During the summer a communication was received from Mr. Marshall 
B. Swayne, of Chester County, Pennsylvania, suggesting the expedi- 



SECTION XI — PL AX FOR ORGANIZATIONS, ETC. 143 

ency of securing co-operative organizations in each of the congressional 
districts of the State, and possibly of other States, in aid of the work of 
the commission, and of securing subscriptions to the fund. These sug- 
gestions, in an elaborated and printed form, were finally presented by 
Mr. William Sellers, at the meeting, of the corporators for the State of 
Pennsylvania. The proposition contemplated the formation of an 
organization in each congressional district throughout the country, to 
be known as "Centennial auxiliary associations." It was carefully 
considered by the corporators in committee, and its adoption was rec- 
ommended. 

I- now bring this subject to your notice, with a copy of the plan agreed 
upon, and respectfully commend it to your attention as one of the most 
important measures which we can adopt to secure a, thorough organiza- 
tion of the people of the United States, so that they may work in har- 
mony to promote the success of the centennial celebration.' Such asso- 
ciations will give us the means of directly communicating with and in- 
fluencing all the people, as a single unit, in favor of such measures as 
may seem best adapted to promote the great object we have in view. 
The plan as represented needs further elaboration, but the main out- 
lines will, I think, be found to be satisfactory, and if adopted and car- 
ried into execution under the official sanction of the commission will, I 
feel sure, greatly promote the success of the undertaking in which we 
are engaged. 

1776— CENTENNIAL CELEBRATION— 1876. 
PLAN FOR ORGANIZATIONS BY CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICTS. 

Whereas a National Centennial Commission has been constituted 
by the Government of the United States to prepare and superintend 
the execution of plans for an international exhibition of American and 
foreign arts, products, and manufactures, and to otherwise provide 
for celebrating the one hundredth anniversary of American Independ- 
ence; and 

Whereas it is desirable to secure a general and effective participa- 
tion by the people of each of the States and Territories in this celebra- 
tion and exhibition, and to obtain their systematic co-operation in 
furtherance of the duties of the Centennial Commission : 

We, the undersigned, residents of the congressional district 

of the State of — , do unite and form an association to be known as 

the Centennial auxiliary association of the congressional district 

of and we do hereby adopt the following rules for our guidance 

and control : 

I. — OBJECTS OF THE ASSOCIATION. 

The objects of this association are, in general, to co-operate with the 
United States Centennial Commission in the execution of its important 
trust, and particularly to promote among the people of this district a 
knowledge of the objects and benefits of such a celebration of the cen- 
tenary as is proposed, and, further, to promote the successful and just 
representation of the productions and manufactures of this district at 
the exhibition. 

II. — OFFICERS OF THE ASSOCIATION. 

The officers of this association shall consist of a president, two vice- 
presidents, a secretary and treasurer, appointed as follows: The first- 



144 REPORT OF THE U. S. CENTENNIAL COMMISSION. 

named corporator in this district of the Centennial Board of Finance, in- 
corporated by act of Congress, June 1, 1872, shall be the president of 
this association, and the corporator second-named shall be the first vice- 
president. In the event of either, or both, declining to serve in this 
capacity, then a president or vice-president may be elected from among 
the stock subscribers of the district. These two corporators, or either of 
them, shall publicly call a meeting of the citizens of the district who are 
subscribers to stock of the Centennial Board of Finance, or who may de- 
sire to become subscribers, and those persons, when so assembled shall 
proceed to the election of a second vice-president, upon open nomination, 
and of a suitable person, who shall be known as the actuary,- to act as 
the secretary and treasurer of the association. 

III. — OF MEMBERS. 

The members of this association shall consist of persons residing, or 
subscribing, within the district, who are subscribers to the stock of the 
Centennial Board of Finance, and who signed these rules. 

Persons subscribing within the district for ten or more shares, and 
paying their subscription in full, shall be known as honorary members 
of this association upon signing the.se rules. 

Each member, in addition to the privileges of stockholders of the Cen- 
tennial Board of Finance, shall participate, equally, in all the advantages 
and honors which may be accorded to the association at and during the 
centennial celebration. 

IV.— THE ACTUARY AND HIS DUTIES. 

The actuary of this association shall be selected with especial refer- 
ence to his fitness for the discharge of his duties, which shall be as fol- 
lows: He shall attend the meetings of the association, and keep a rec- 
ord of their proceedings; he shall be, in general, the medium of com- 
munication between the association and other similar associations, and 
between the association and the Centennial Commission, and, also, such 
central State organizations as may hereafter be formed; he shall act as 
the agent of the association, and of the United States Centennial Com- 
mission, in promoting the success of the centennial celebration j he 
shall receive and distribute to the members of the association, and 
others, such books, documents, and publications as may be furnished to 
him by the .United States Centennial Commission from time to time, 
and shall co-operate, to the best of his ability, in carrying out the in- 
structions received by him from the United States Centennial Commis- 
sion. 

He shall, in common with the members of the association, use his 
influence to secure a just representation of the products of the district 
in the Centennial International Exhibition, and shall report, from time 
to time, to the United States Centennial Commission, the progress 
made, and the nature and number of the objects oifered for exhibition. 

He shall be prepared to canvass the district for the sale of shares of 
stock of the Centennial Board of Finance, under such rules and regula- 
tions as may be prescribed by the United States Centennial Commission, 
or by the agents appointed in each State for the sale of stock, pursuant 
to the rules adopted by the commission. 

He shall immediately after his election inform the United States Cen- 
tennial Commission of the fact, and shall transmit a list of the officers 
and members of the association. 



SECTION XI AUXILIARY ASSOCIATIONS AND COMMITTEES. 145 

V. — MEETING OF THE ASSOCIATION. 

This association shall hold its meetings as often and at such times as 
the objects of the organization shall seem to require, and may be called 
by the president or secretary, or either of them. A majority of the 
members shall constitute a quorum. In case of a vacancy existing at 
any time among the officers of the association, it may be filled by elec- 
tion from among the members of the association. 

From the report of the executive commissioner, William P. Blake. 

COMMITTEES OF ADMISSION OR ADVISORY COMMITTEES. 

January, 1873. 

It is usual in the organization of great exhibitions to appoint com- 
mittees of specialists for each principal group or class of objects, and 
known as committees of admission. The functions of such committees 
are not only to stimulate and promote the exhibition in their respective 
departments, but to examine the objects offered in order to ascertain 
their fitness for the exhibition, and to guard against any abuse of the 
privileges of exhibitors by any unnecessary or excessive repetition of 
the same object merely for the purpose of advertising or commercial 
effect. The committees are also called upon for their advice in regard 
to the arrangement of the objejts in their departments, and upon any 
questions that arise affecting the relations of the exhibitors and the 
commission. 

At Paris, in 1SG7, eighty-three such committees were organized as 
early as August, 1865, and others were formed later, the intention be- 
ing to have one committee for each class. These committees consisted 
of from three to six or more members, selected with reference to their 
special acquaintance with or prominence in the art or industry included 
in the class. We find among them the names of many of the most dis- 
tinguished men of France in the various departments of science, art, 
manufactures and commerce. The total number of persons so engaged 
was 469. 

Probably the greatest service rendered by these committees at the 
exhibition in 1867 was the preparation of statistical memoirs upon the 
progress and condition of the industries they represented in France. 
These memoirs were printed in the official catalogue as class introduc- 
tions, and were of very great service to all who studied and reported 
upon the exhibition. 

Such a result would be of very great value to our undertaking in 1876. 
I have already invited your attention to the importance of securing in 
due season the services of persons specially qualified to promote the 
formation of the exhibition in each of its leading divisions, and have 
suggested, as a feature of our working organization, a secretary for 
each department or group. In the formation of the advisory commit- 
tees for the Vienna exhibition the selection of associate members by the 
chairmen has secured excellently constituted committees. It would, per- 
haps, be well to authorize the group secretaries, when appointed, to 
similarly select their associates, subject to the approval of the commis- 
sion, and in this way obtain the desired committees of admission and 
advice for each group. 
H. Mis. 90 10 



146 REPORT OF THE U. S. CENTENNIAL COMMISSION. 

STATE COMMISSIONS. 

Another important measure, it appears to me, for promoting the suc- 
cess and utility of the exhibition would be the appointment in each 
State of a local or State commission for the purpose of co-operating 
with the Centennial Commission in its great work. Such State commis- 
sions should be formed of leading, active men in the various departments 
of life and industry, men of letters and science, who would actively en- 
gage in the work of promoting the exhibition in all its departments, 
and who, perhaps, would undertake for each State the preparation of 
reports upon the progress of education, science, art, morals, and the 
various industries during the century. Such a series of reports should 
include also a condensed physical description of each State, an enumer- 
ation of its natural sources of wealth and an account of their develop- 
ment. Such reports might be printed by each of the States in one or 
more volumes, but, according to a prearranged system for the purpose 
of securing uniformity in size, typography, and other features. When 
brought together at the exhibition in 1876 they would form an invaluable 
collection of information to the historian and statistician, and w T ould 
very appropriately mark the close of the century. It would be a rea- 
lization of the suggestion made some years since by Hon. John Bigelow, 
and would very appropriately supplement and illustrate the returns of the 
extra census w 7 hich probably will be taken in 1875. By exchanging be- 
tween the States, each State could obtain a full series of the reports. 
The number of commissioners in each State might bear some fixed 
relation to the population, or, better, to the wealth and industrial ac- 
tivity and resources of the State. 

In this way the science and talent of the country, in all departments, 
and in all sections, can be enlisted in the work of the commission. The 
interest of the people and their effective co-operation will also be cor- 
respondingly promoted. The State commissions, through a chief com- 
missioner or secretary, could, if desirable, be the medium of communica- 
tion between the Centennial Commission and the people of the States. In 
any case the State commissions would be in direct correspondence with 
the commission, and could do great service in giving information to the 
people and in arousing their interest and enthusiasm. In some of the 
States, if not in all, it is probable that appropriations sufficient to cover 
the expense of the preparation of the reports would be made. 

Such commissions would correspond in their functions to the depart- 
mental committees of France during the exhibition of 1867, or to the 
numerous commissions instituted by the Austrian government for dif- 
ferent portions of that empire. In France there were eighty-eight com- 
mittees, one for each department, and the members were selected from 
the most distinguished men of science, engineers, artisans, and manu- 
facturers. The number of persons in these committees ranged from 
twenty to thirty, and in some cases to many more, the Department of 
the Seine having about one hundred members. 

co-operative organization of the press. 

December 6, 1872. 
Mr. Davis, of Maryland, offered the following, to wit : 
Besolved, that the executive committee be, and it is hereby; requested 
to confer at an early day with the proprietors and editors of the news- 
papers of Philadelphia, for the purpose of ascertaining the practica- 
bility of effecting a centennial auxiliary organization of the press of 



SECTION XII ART AND SCIENCE APPLIED TO INDUSTRY. 147 

the United States, with the view of enabling this commission to more 
fully make known its purposes, and the eharcter and magnitude of its 
operations and undertaking to the whole people of the country ; and, 
also, the benefits to result to all the nations of the world, in the holding 
of the national centennial exposition in this country in the year 1870. 
Which was read and adopted. 



SECTION 12. 
MUSEUM OF APT AND SCIENCE APPLIED TO INDUSTRY. 

DECEMBER 4, 1872. 

The executive commissioner reported : 

A most valuable result which may be made to grow out of the exhi- 
bition in 1870 would be the establishment of a permanent museum of 
decorative art, similar to the very useful and attractive museum at South 
Kensington, in England. Such museums seem naturally to grow out of 
great exhibitions. The treasures of highly ornamented and carefully 
wrought objects, the production of the best artists in all countries, dis- 
played on such occasions, beget a desire to have them kept constantly 
in view for the benefit of all classes, and particularly for those whose 
circumstances in life do hot permit of their acquiring expensive luxuries, 
and to serve as models for the instruction of the artisans of the country. 
The opportunity for acquiring such objects at exhibitions is excellent, 
and has been availed of extensively abroad at each succeeding inter- 
national exhibition. Our exhibition will give a most favorable oppor- 
tunity, and we should not lose sight of it, but rather resolve at the 
outset that such a museum of art in its applications to industry shall be 
established permanently in Philadelphia. 

A brief account of the origin, growth, and extent of the South Ken- 
sington Museum will be instructive. 

In 1845, the committee of management of the school of design reported 
that u on the continent the various styles of art in different times and 
countries were not only more carefully studied by artists, but were more 
generally known to the people than among the people of Great Britain, 
and that certainly with regard both to fine art and to ornamental man- 
ufactures this superior knowledge constituted an advantage of great 
value, ylfter noticing the extensive collections in museums upon the 
continent of choice specimens of ancient manufactures, carved wood, 
brass, steel, and iron work, and numerous examples of industrial art in 
general, the committee recommend that the school of design should 
possess collections, not only of architectural casts, specimens of antique 
sculptures, and prints of ornament, all of which are essentially requisite, 
but collections more especially of examples of decorative work, in order 
to exhibit to the students of the school, to inquiring manufacturers, 
artisans, and the public in general, the practical application of the prin- 
ciples of design in the graceful arrangement of forms and harmonious 
combinations of colors.' 7 

The commencement of such a collection dates from 1846, when a few 
specimens were procured and exhibited, in connection with the school 
of design, at Somerset House. In 1851, numerous objects collected at 
the great exhibition of that year were purchased with a parliamentary 
grant of £5,000. These specimens consisted of furniture, metal work, 



148 REPORT OF THE XL S. CENTENNIAL COMMISSION. 

pottery, and woven fabrics, and were selected with the design of making 
them the nucleus of a museum of ornamental manufactures. 

It was after this exhibition of 1851 that the British public became 
more generally aware of the fact " that in many kinds of manufacture 
the English productions, both in regard to their form and color, show 
far less taste than those of other nations,"* and the government and 
nation awoke to the importance of stimulating and facilitating art edu- 
cation among artisans and manufacturers. 

In 1852 the collection already made was exhibited to the public in the 
rooms of Marlborough House, and the Bandinel collection, rich in 
its illustrations of pottery and porcelain, was acquired. The report of 
Mr. Henry Cole, the general superintendent, and of the art superin- 
tendent, Mr. Bed grave, laid before Parliament, recommended that fine 
examples of what had already been accomplished should be placed be- 
fore students, and that the " educated designer for ceramic manufactures 
should have an adequate knowledge of what Japau, Meissen, Sevres, 
and even Chelsea, have already done, and should be practically familiar 
with the early chintzes of India, &c." 

Parliament, in 1854, voted money to make purchases from the collection 
of Mr. Bernal, and upwards of £8,583 were expended by the depart- 
ment of science and art, principally in specimens of pottery, porcelain, 
majolica ware, glass, and metal work. The Gherardini collection of 
models for sculpture was also added. 

In 1855 various works of art were obtained from the Paris exhibition, 
at a cost of £3,500. The Soulages collection, rich in majolica ware and 
in specimens of Italian furniture, was acquired in part, and the whole 
was finally deposited in the museum. 

In 1856 an iron building, to receive the collections, was erected, and 
was given by the commissioners for the exhibition of 1851 into the pos- 
session of the science and art department. Since then the permanent 
brick and iron structure, with terra-cotta decorations, has been erected 
at South Kensington, and is now in use. 

tProm 1856 to 1867, this museum was enriched from time to time by 
the purchase of collections in France, Italy, Spain, Portugal, and in 
Great Britain. These accessions consisted of examples of Italian 
sculpture, ancient classical jewelry, mediaeval textile fabrics, Byzantine 
and mediaeval carvings, German medals, watches, jewelry, court dresses, 
&c. Her Majesty, the Queen, and others made valuable presents to the 
collection. At the international exhibition of 1862, nearly £1,000 were 
expended in procuring specimens of British and foreign art manufac- 
tures. 

The collections of the museum at the time of the Paris exposition, in 
1867, were classed as follows : 

1. The art collections, illustrative of the history, principles, and pro- 
cesses of decorative art in sculpture, carvings in wood and ivory, dec- 
orative furniture, metal work, goldsmiths' work, jewelry and lapidaries' 
work, engraved gains, niello work, arms, armor, pottery, glass enamels, 
ancient lac work, textile fabrics, miniatures, &c, &c. 

2. The art library, containing about fifteen thousand volumes relating 
to art, and a great number of original drawings, illuminations, and 
engravings. 

3. The educational museum and library. 

4. The museum of construction and building materials, containing 
examples of materials and apparatus of use in building, draining, and 
decorating houses, and many architectural models. 

* Reports of the Juries, 1851, p. 691. 



SECTION XII ART AND SCIENCE APPLIED TO INDUSTRY. 149 

5. Museum of animal products and food collection, principally formed 
by the transference, by English and foreign commissions, of collections 
exhibited in the international exhibitions of London, in 1851 and 18G2, 
and of Paris iu 1835. 

6. The naval models, belonging to the admiralty, supplemented by 
loans from private builders aud owners. 

The museum is open daily, Sundays excepted ; admission free, except 
on Wednesdays, Thursdays, and Fridays, the days devoted to students, 
when a small fee is required. 

The number of visitors in the first ten years was nearly six millions 
and a half. 

COPIES OF WORKS OF ART. 

One of the most important features of the museum at the present 
time is the system of reproducing some of the most rare and curious 
specimens of workmanship by means of the galvano-plastic process, or 
by casts in plaster, according to the nature of the object. This permits 
of a system of exchange with other museums and of the multiplication 
of models for private collectors and for educational purposes. 

This most valuable feature was introduced by the indefatigable secre- 
tary and superintendent, Mr. Henry Cole, in 1864, and is succinctly set 
forth in a memorandum addressed by him to the lords of the committee 
of Her Majesty's most honorable privy council on education, as follows : 

11 1. The collections of the South Kensington Museum now possess 
many examples of works of fine art, executed in various kinds of mate- 
rials, which are unique for their beauty, excellence, and variety. 

n 2. In like manner most of the art museums of the continent contain 
similar works. 

u 3. Such objects must always remain permanently as national treas- 
ures of the respective countries possessing them. 

"4. Although the originals cannot be acquired, various modes of 
reproduction are now matured and employed, such as electro-typing, 
photography, elastic molding, &c, whereby admirable substitutes may 
be easily obtained, with perfect security to the originals. 

" 5. The important national art museums at Paris, Berlin, Dresden, 
Munich, &c, already possess plaster casts of ancient marbles represent- 
ing originals which are not in their own possession. But no compre- 
hensive system appears yet to have been matured of employing electro- 
typing to obtain copies of objects. 

" 6. A commencement of issuing duplicates of fine objects useful in 
general art instruction, however, has been made by the South Kensing- 
ton Museum. For example, through the intervention of his royal high- 
ness the prince consort, copies have been obtained of the numerous 
works of fine art in the possession of Her Majesty the Queen. Through 
the liberality of His Majesty the Emperor of the French, the science 
and art department was enabled, in 1855, during the Paris exhibition, 
to obtain electrotypes and photographs of numerous objects in the 
Louvre and Musee d'Artillerie at Paris. Photographs also have been 
taken of the most important objects which, for public instruction and 
gratification, were so liberally lent to the department of private pro- 
prietors during the international exhibition of 1802. The university of 
Oxford unreservedly has permitted photographs to be taken of its orig- 
inal drawings by Michael Angelo and Eafaelle. Arrangements now 
exist at the South Kensington Museum by which every object of the 
art collections may be copied by some one of the many processes. 



150 REPORT OF THE U. S. CENTENNIAL COMMISSION. 

" 7. The period, therefore, seems to have arrived when friendly relations 
might, with reciprocal advantages, be established between foreign 
muse am s and the South Kensington Museum for the purpose of organ- 
izing some system of an international exchange of copies of the finest 
works of art which each museum possesses, and I would venture to sub- 
mit that the lords of the committee of council on education should 
sanction an application to Her Majesty's secretary of state for foreign 
affairs with this view, and request his lordship to bring the subject be- 
fore the governments of the various countries which possess museums 
and works of art." 

During the progress of the exhibition in Paris, in 1867, a convention 
was entered into by several princes of the reigning families of Europe, 
agreeing to assist the museums of Europe in procuring casts, electro- 
types, photographs, and copies of historical monuments and works of 
art. It was entitled " Convention for promoting universal reproduc- 
tions of works of art for the benefit of museums of all countries," and 
as it contains important suggestions it is given entire.* 

A letter from the Prince of Wales, Albert Edward, to the Duke of 
Marlborough, will appropriately introduce this convention: 

Marlborough House, March 12, 1868. 

My Dear Duke : During the Paris exhibition a convention was 
entered into by several princes of the reigning families of Europe, 
whereby they agreed mutually to assist the museums of Europe in pro- 
curing casts and copies of national objects for the promotion of art. I 
cannot doubt that the museums in this country will derive benefit from 
this convention, and will be able to make a return to foreign countries 
for the advantages which they afford. I therefore transmit to your 
grace, as lord president of the council, copies of this convention, and I 
request that you will have the kindness to inform me whether you see 
any objection to the lord president acting through the science and art 
department in this country, for the purpose of giving effect to it so far 
as the United Kingdom is concerned. 

Your grace will perceive that the object contemplated by the conven- 
tion is identical with that for which an annual grant of money has been 
made for many years by Parliament to the scieuce and art department, 
and it is hoped that by the aid of this convention far greater facilities 
will be obtained for the interchange of works of art between this and 
other countries than have hitherto existed. 

CONVENTION FOR OBTAINING WORKS OF ART. 

Convention for promoting universal reproductions of works of art for 
the benefit of museums of all countries throughout the world. Every 
country possesses fine historical monuments of art of its own, which can 
easily be reproduced by casts, electrotypes, photographs, and other pro- 
cesses, without the slightest damage to the originals. 

The knowledge of such monuments is necessary to the progress of art, 
and the reproductions of them would be of a high value to all museums 
for public instruction. 

The commencement of a system of reproducing works of art has been 
made by the South Kensington Museum, and illustrations of it are now 
exhibited in the British section of the Paris exhibition, where may be 
seen specimens of French, Italian, Spanish, Portuguese, German, Swiss, 
Russian, Hindoo, Celtic, and English art. 

*V\de fifteenth report of the science and art department of the committee of coun- 
cil on Education, page 24, Appendix A. 



SECTION XII NATIONAL ART GALLERY*. 151 

The following outline of operations is suggested : 

I. Each country to form its own commission according to its own views 
for obtaining such reproductions as it may desire for its own museums. 

II. The commissions of each country to correspond with one another, 
and send information of what reproductions each causes to be made, 
so that every country, if disposed, may take advantage of the labors of 
other countries at a moderate cost. 

III. Each country to arrange for makiug exchanges of objects which 
it desires. 

IV. In order to promote the formation of the proposed commissions 
in each country, and facilitate the making of reproductions, the under- 
signed members of the reigning families of Europe, meeting at the Paris 
exposition of 1SG7, have signified their approval of the plan, and their 
desire to promote the realization of it. 

The following princes have already signed this convention : 
Great Britain and Ireland, Albert Edward, Prince of Wales, and 
Alfred, Duke of Edinburgh ; Prussia, Frederick William, Crown Prince 
of Prussia; Hesse, Louis, Prince of Hesse; Saxony, Albert, Prince 
Royal of Saxony ; France, Prince Napoleon, (Jerome ;) Belgium, Philip^ 
Corate de Handre ; Russia, the Cesarevitch, and Nicolas, Due de Leuch- 
tenberg; Sweden and Norway, Oscar, Prince of Sweden and Norway; 
Italy, Humbert, Prince Royal of Italy, and Amadeus, Duke of Aosta; 
Austria, Charles Louis, Archduke of Austria, and Rainer, Archduke of 
Austria ; Denmark, Frederick, Crown Prince of Denmark. 
Paris, 1867. 

To the foregoing inquiry his grace the Duke of Marlborough replied : 
'• I beg leave to inform your royal highness that I shall have pleasure 
in acting in the manner proposed, so far as the institutions under the 
science and art department are concerned, and that when called upon I 
shall be ready to communicate with other authorities having charge of 
objects of art in the United Kingdom, with the view of obtaining any 
facilities which may be required by foreign countries." 

Evidently there is here presented to the people of the United States, 
and particularly to this commission, an opportunity to participate in a 
desirable reciprocal arrangement. There are many ways in which valua- 
ble returns might be made to foreign museums by a museum established 
in the United States. 



NATIONAL ART GALLERY. 

The proposed exhibition may also be made the occasion of inaugurat- 
ing another most important institution, the absence of which, on any 
enlarged and practical scale, has long been deplored by those who ap- 
preciate the functions of the fine arts in the progress of civilization. I 
refer to the establishment of a national collection of paintings and sculp- 
ture, which shall embrace as far as possible representative examples of 
the various periods and schools of art, systematically arranged in some 
permanently established fire-proof building, where, in connection with 
a free national academy of design, they may afford the means of art 
culture, which in the course of time may favorably compare with those 
of any other similar institution of. the Old World. Many capitals of 
Europe would be comparatively devoid of any attractions for the throngs 
of tourists, who visit them from all quarters of the world, were it not 



152 REPORT OF THE U. S. CENTENNIAL COMMISSION. 

for such treasuries of art. These collections thus become sources of 
wealth to large portions of the communities in which they are situated. 
They also exercise an important and ever-increasing effect upon the 
taste and mental development of the industrial classes, independently 
of their effect upon the development of a high standard of excellence 
among those devoted to the production of works of a purely artistic 
nature, and among those patrons of the arts whose discrimination and 
liberality become incentives to the attainment of eminence for origin- 
ality and skill by the artists. 

But this is a subject which has already been very freely discussed by 
the lovers of art, and has been brought to our attention in more than 
one way. A very interesting and suggestive letter on the subject has 
recently been received from Mr. William M. Swayne, of Chester County, 
Pennsylvania, who hopes that the excellent opportunity for founding a 
national art gallery, in connection with the centennial celebration and 
international exhibition, will not be lost. 

It is important that the policy and intentions of the commission, in 
respect of a suitable building for the reception and display of works of 
art, should be made known at an early date, in order that artists and 
others who might be induced to exhibit may make their preparations 
in season. The success of this department of the exhibition will de- 
pend greatly on the nature of the building to be provided. It should 
be thoroughly fire-proof and secure in every respect. 



SECTION 13. 
PLANS AND ARCHITECTURE. 

March 11, 1872. 
Mr. Byrd, of Alabama, offered the following: 

Resolved, That the committee on plans and architecture be requested 
to report at the May meeting sketches of plans for a building or inclo- 
sure fo) cover about fifty acres of floor-space, with estimates of the cost 
of such a structure as in their judgment may be deemed necessary. 

May 23, 1872. 
Mr. Parsons, of Texas, from the committee on plans and architecture, 
submitted the following, to wit: 

To the Hon. Joseph B. Haivley, President United States Centennial Com- 
mission : 

Dear Sir : In accordance with the resolution passed by the United 
States Centennial Commission, March 11, 1872, (see page 75 of the pro- 
ceedings,) the committee proceeded immediately to their duties, with the 
purpose of obtaining from architects some preliminary plans and esti- 
mates to be laid before the present meeting. 

They beg to report that they have had about ten meetings with the 
committees of the architects of Philadelphia, New York, and Boston, 
for consultation. The object has been to ascertain what conditions and 
what remuneration should be determined upon by the committee in is- 
suing proposals for competition, it being understood that the competi- 
tion should, like the exposition itself, be national, and not local. The 
men most eminent in the profession, and distinguished by their success, 
have freely communicated their views in writing for our service. Each 



SECTION XIII PLANS AND ARCHITECTURE. 153 

of these cities presents different views requiring discussion, but without 
any serious difference. These can be readily harmonized whenever the 
time for action may arrive. 

There are conditions, however, to be determined by the commission 
itself in regard to the building, for instructions to the architects, before 
the committee can proceed a single step, the most important one being, 
t whether any portion of the building shall be a permanent one. 

The precise site of the ground upon which the building is to be erec- 
ted must be determined. It will require an accurate topograpical sur- 
vey and lithographed plans for the use of the competing architects. 
Kot a step can be taken until this matter is settled. 

Your committee would respectfully suggest to the commission the im- 
portance of determining these questions at an early day. The proposed 
building of* a structure, to be the largest in the world's history, for such 
a purpose, together with all its accessories and surroundings, may well 
demand your serious attention. As it is to be national and universal, 
it will invite the world's criticism. 

Our ability to exhibit an advance in architectural taste and mechani- 
cal talent in constructive design in such buildings will be measured 
largely by European standards. And if it be our earnest intention to 
make such an effort, we shall only succeed by securing the services of 
our ablest men — men whose experience at home and abroad has shown 
them how frequent have been the failures, in one respect or another, in 
almost every one of these enormous structures, demanding, as they 
do, almost every condition pertaining to permanent structures. They 
must be encouraged by our assurance that impartial judgment and in- 
tegrity alone will govern us in awarding the prizes to the most merito- 
rious plans, and that, when the decision is made, we shall honor the 
architect in requiring him to superintend the execution of his own 
design. / 

HEKRY PBOBASCO, Ohio, 

Chairman. 

Which having been read, 

Mr. Sawyer, of Utah, moved that the report be accepted and printed 
in the journal. Which was agreed to. 

May 24, 1872. 

Mr. Parsons, of Texas, from the committee on plans and architecture, 
reported the communications received from the different boards of arch- 
itects of New York, Philadelphia, and Boston. Which were read and 
ordered to be printed. 

Mr. Adams, of Florida, offered the following : 

Resolved, That the report of the committee on plans and architecture, 
this day made to the commission, be, and the same is hereby, referred 
to the executive committee of the commission, with plenary power and 
express direction, whether by selection or combination, to fix upon and 
adopt all plans of buildings necessary for the Centennial Exposition ; 
and to make such proposals and contracts in regard to the construction 
of such necessary buildings as in their own discretion, upon conference 
with the committee on plans and architecture, may be deemed best. 

Which having been read, 

Mr. Byrd, of Alabama, moved, as a substitute, that the report and 
communications be referred back to the committee on plans and archi- 
tecture, with instructions to combine the plans proposed, or adopt a plan 
and submit the result to the commission for adoption. The substitute 
was agreed to. 



154 KEPORT OF THE U. S. CENTENNIAL COMMISSION. 

May 28, 1872. 

Mr. Gosh or n, of Ohio, from the committee on plans and architecture, 
submitted the following report, to wit : 

Gentlemen : Your committee on plans and architecture, after having 
carefully considered the various suggestions of eminent architects as to 
best manner of inviting plans of a design for the centennial anniversary 
building, submit the following recommendations, with the request that « 
they be confirmed by the commission as a basis for the farther action of 
the committee. Two plans have been proposed for obtaining a design 
for the building. 

First. Limited competition. 

Second. Unlimited public competition. 

Both plans, while being meritorious in many respects are objectionable 
in others, and the absolute adoption of either might embarrass the com- 
mission. In an enterprise so national in its character it is of the first 
importance that the architects of the entire country should be afforded 
an opportunity, as a test of talent, to compete for the design ; and it is 
of equal, if not of greater, importance that the commission should avail 
itself of the services of the best acknowledged talent in the profession. 

It is recommended, therefore, that a system be adopted that shall com- 
bine both plans suggested. 

The necessity for a thorough investigation and understanding of the 
specifications to be prescribed for competitors, and the absence of suffi- 
cient information to prepare specifically the conditions that shall be re- 
quired, prevents the committee from presenting, at this session of the 
commission, a full and detailed report ; but the approval of the general 
plan recommended will enable the committee to proceed with the pre- 
liminary steps to secure an appropriate design. 

It is proposed for the " limited competition " to select ten architects 
of eminence and ability, to whom shall be paid $1,000 each for primary 
sketches or drawings ; and to select the ten best designs submitted 
under the terms of an " unlimited public competition," to each of which 
there shall be paid $1,0001 From the twenty designs thus secured, 
and to which the second competition shall be limited, there shall be 
offered the following premiums, viz : 

For the first, $15,000 ; for the secoud, $10,000; for the third, $6,000 j 
for the fourth, $4,000; for the fifth, $3,000 ; for the sixth, $2,000. 

The conditions upon which the plans shall be furnished for the first 
and second competitions, and the manner of awarding the premiums, 
shall be prescribed by the committee on plans and architecture ; the 
awards, however, shall be confirmed by the commission. 

The committee, therefore, recommends the adoption of the following 
resolutions. 

A. T. GOSHORN, Ohio, 
W. H. PARSONS, Texas, 
DAVID ATWOOD, Wisconsin, 
O. CLEVELAND, New Jersey, 
GEO. A. BATCHELDER, Dakota, 

Committee on Plans and Architecture. 

Resolved, That the committee on plans and architecture be authorized 
to select ten architects, to whom shall be paid $1,000 each for prelim- 
inary sketches or drawings of plans for the centennial exhibition build- 
ing ; and be farther authorized to offer ten prizes of $1,000 each to all 
architects, or others, for like sketches or drawings, that from the plans 
submitted under the unlimited competition the ten most meritorious 






SECTION XIII PLANS AND ARCHITECTURE. 155 

shall be selected, and that from the twenty designs thus 'selected, upon 
which there shall be submitted an estimate of probable cost, and to 
which the second competition shall be limited, there shall be chosen the 
six most meritorious, to which the following premiums, respectively, 
shall be awarded : 

For the first, $15,000 ; for the second, $10,000 ; for the third, $6,000 : 
.for the fourth, $1,000 ; for the fifth, $3,000 : for the sixth, $2,000. 

Resolved, That the conditions upon which the sketches or plans for 
the first and second competition, and the manner of awarding the pre- 
miums, shall be prescribed by the committee on plans and architecture ? 
the final award of the premiums, however, shall be subject to the con- 
firmation of the commission. 

Resolved, That upon the executive committee advising the committee 
on plans and architecture that the necessary funds are, or will be, pro- 
vided to meet the expenses contemplated by the foregoing resolutions, 
the committee on plans and architecture shall be authorized to solicit 
designs for the centennial building, in accordance with the plan hereby 
adopted. 

Which having been read, and the question thereupon being upon the 
first resolution, 

Mr. Byrd, of Alabama, moved to amend the resolution by striking 
out the words " to which the following premiums shall be awarded," 
and all after those words. Pending the consideration of which, 

The president declared that the hour of 12 o'clock having arrived, 
the commission would adjourn until 4 o'clock this afternoon, for the 
purpose of visiting the ship-yards and inspecting the harbor of the 
port of Philadelphia, pursuant to the invitation of the harbor-master, 
accepted by the commission this morning. 

The hour of 4 o'clock having arrived, the commission re-assembled, 
pursuant to adjournment. 

The question being on the amendment offered by the commissioner 
from Alabama, to the first resolution on the committee on plans and ar- 
chitecture, 

Mr. Stevens, of New Jersey, moved that the report of the committee 
on plans and architecture, together with the resolutions and the pend- 
ing amendment, be recommitted to that committee, and that the said 
committee be authorized, when the proper funds are provided, to spend 
a sum not to exceed thousand dollars for the purpose of procur- 
ing plans and estimates for the erection of the building and appurte- 
nances contemplated by this commission. All plans, whether approved 
by the committee or not, to be submitted to the commission for final 
determination. Which was agreed to. 

Mr. Spooner, of Massachusetts, moved that the blank in the resolu- 
tion be filled by inserting the words " twenty thousand.'' 

Mr. Marshall, of New York, moved to make the amount " fifty thou- 
sand." 

The question being upon the motion making the amount " fifty thou- 
sand," the yeas and nays were required by Mr. Byrd, of Alabama, and 
seconded by Mr. Smith, of Georgia, and were as follows : 

Yeas — Colorado, Connecticut, Dakota, Florida, Georgia, Illinois, In- 
diana, New Jersey, New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Texas, Utah, Wis- 
consin — 14. 

Nays — Alabama, California, Iowa, Kansas, Massachusetts, Minne- 
sota, Mississippi, Nevada, Oregon, Rhode Island, Tennessee — 11. 

So the motion was agreed to. 

Mr. Campbell, of Indiana, moved that the executive committee and 
the committee on plans and architecture be instructed to confer with 



156 REPORT OF TIIE U. S. CENTENNIAL COMMISSION. 

the park commissioners and tlie authorities of the city of Philadelphia, 
and locate the exact place upon which the building is to be erected. 

Mr. Creigh, of California, moved to amend the motion by inserting 
after the words " committee on plans and architecture," the words " and 
the committee on classification." Which was not agreed to. The 
original motion was not agreed to. 

Mr. Cleveland, of New Jersey, moved that the committee on plans, 
and architecture be instructed to confer with the authorities of the 
city of Philadelphia and the commissioners of Fairmount Park, and to 
fix the place upon which the exposition building is to be erected. Which 
was agreed to. 

December 5, 1872. 

Mr. Creigh, of California, presented a communication from the Cali- 
fornia Institute of Architects, relative to the best mode of procedure 
in the awarding of the premiums for designs for the centennial exhi- 
bition building, and recommending L. R. Townsend as an architect from 
the Pacific slope as one of ten to be appointed by the commission to 
whom the subject should be referred. Which was read and referred to 
the committee on plans and architecture. 

December 9, 1872. 
Mr. Goshorn, of Ohio, from the committee on plans and architecture? 
submitted the following report, to wit : 

Philadelphia, December 9, 1872. 
To the United States Centennial Commission : 

Gentlemen : At the last session of the commission, your committee 
on plans and architecture was instructed, when the proper funds were 
provided, to procure plans and estimates for the erection of the build- 
ings contemplated for the purposes of the International Exhibition. 

A judicious and intelligent prosecution of the work imposed on your 
committee will require an expenditure of money that has not yet been 
provided, and, therefore, it will be impossible to submit plans and esti- 
mates, as instructed at this session of the commission. 

The buildings for so vast and important an exhibition should receive the 
most careful consideration in all their details, and no plans should be 
entertained, and certainly none adopted, until after a thorough exami- 
nation of the subject, in all its bearings and requirements has been made, 
and an opportunity has been given to all architects and others in the 
United States, to submit designs in accordance with the specifications 
that may be prescribed. The national and patriotic character of the 
enterprise demands that impartial and equal facilities should be granted 
to all who may desire to compete for the plans. 

The commissioners of Fairmount Park have indicated their readiness 
to transfer to your commission such portion of the park as may be re- 
quired for the uses of the exhibition, and to render you such aid as may 
be in their power, whenever you are prepared to assume control of the 
same. 

In view of the limited time preceding the opening of the exhibition, 
your committee suggests the urgent necessity for the adoption of meas- 
ures that will warrant a speedy procurement of a design for the exhibi- 
tion building. 

A. T. GOSHORN, 
W. H. PARSONS, 
O. CLEVELAND, 
DAVID ATWOOD, 
Committee on Plans and Architecture. 



SECTION XIV FINANCIAL RESULTS OF PARIS EXPOSITION. 157 

December 10, 1872. 

Mr. Gantt, of Arkansas, offered the following: 

Resolved, That the committee on plans and architecture is requested, 
when the necessary funds are provided, to advertise for plans for the 
centennial buildings, giving not to exceed sixty days' notice. That in 
receiving said plans, there shall be unlimited competition. That to the 
person presenting the plan which shall be accepted, there shall be paid 
the sum of $10,000: Provided, That no conditional or other sum shall 
be paid for said plan. 

Which having been read, and the question being on agreeing to the 
resolution, 

Mr. Byrd, of Alabama, moved that the resolution be referred to the 
executive committee. Which was not agreed to. 

Mr. Morrell, of Pennsylvania, moved that it be referred to the com- 
mittee on plans and architecture. Which was not agreed to. 

Mr. Byrd, of Alabama, moved that the resolution be laid on the table. 
Which was not agreed to. 

The question still being on agreeing to the resolution, 

Mr. Byrd, of Alabama, moved to amend by striking out the words 
" ten thousand dollars," and inserting in their place the words " twenty 
thousand dollars.*' Which was agreed to. 

The question then being on agreeing to the resolution as amended, 

Mr. Lowry, of Iowa, called attention to the resolution on this subject 
adopted by the commission May 28 last. [See Journal, page 141, also 
May 2S, in this section of this compilation.] 

Mr. Albertson,of North Carolina, moved that the whole subject be 
laid on the table. 

The yeas and nays were required by Mr. Donaldson, of Idaho, seconded 
by Mr. Byrd, of Alabama, and resulted as follows : 

Yeas — Connecticut, Delaware, Georgia, Maine, Mississippi, New Jer- 
sey, North Carolina, Ohio, Texas, and Virginia — 10. 

Nays — Alabama, Arkansas, California, Dakota, Florida, Idaho, Illi- 
nois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Massachusetts, Missouri, Oregon, Penn- 
sylvania, Ehode Island, Tennessee, West Virginia, and Wisconsin — 18. 

So the motion was not agreed to. The question still being on agree- 
ing to the resolution as amended, 

Mr. Byrd, of Alabama, moved that the resolution be further amended 
by striking out all after the words "to advertise for plans for the cen- 
tennial buildings," and inserting the words following : u And that only 
the sum of $20,000 be appropriated to the committee on plans and 
architecture, to be used as they deem best, to procure plans and speci- 
fications of the buildings, and that all resolutions in conflict herewith are 
hereby repealed." Which was agreed to. 

The resolution, as amended, was then agreed to. 

Mr. Byrd, of Alabama, moved that the report of the committee on 
plans and architecture, submitted to the commission yesterday after- 
noon, be adopted. Which was agreed to. 






SECTION 11. 

FINANCIAL RESULTS OF THE PARIS EXPOSITION OF 1807. 
From the report of the executive commissioner, January, 1873. 



With a view to the advantages to be derived by us from a better ac- 
quaintance with the financial organization and results of the great ex- 



158 EEPORT OF THE U. S. CENTENNIAL COMMISSION. 

liibition at Paris, in 1867, 1 have compiled the following information 
from the last official report of the imperial commission : 

From the inception of this great enterprise by the' decree of the Em- 
peror, February 1, 1865, it was assumed that the immediate benefits of 
such an exhibition to France and to Paris justified and required an ap- 
propriation outright of twelve millions of francs, six millions to be ap- 
propriated by the city of Paris, and six millions by the state. The total 
expense being estimated at twenty millions of francs, ($4,000,000,) there 
remained a sum of eight million of francs ($1,600,000) to be raised in 
some other way. This was done by a guarantee company of voluntary 
subscribers, organized under the auspices of the imperial commission. 
The object of the guarantee company was to provide for, or to guarantee 
to meet if required, within the specified limit of twenty million of francs, 
such portions of the expenses of the undertaking as were not covered 
by the appropriation of twelve -millions of francs ($2,400,000) by the 
State and city ; and, secondly, by the receipts, of whatever nature. The 
appropriations out of the public treasury were to be exhausted before 
any call was to be made upon the guarantee company. 

The money was appropriated to the imperial commission direct, and 
all claims upon the receipts or revenue were relinquished with one reser- 
vation only, and this was, that in case of there being any profit after 
the liquidation of all costs, this profit was to be equally divided between 
the state, the city, and the guarantee company. The subscribers to the 
guarantee fund thus had, in addition to the motive of promoting and 
sustaining a beneficent enterprise, the prospect of a possible gain. 

There was no difficulty in securing the full subscription. The sub- 
scription-books were opened to the public in April, 1865. The minimum 
of the total subscription was fixed at eight millions of francs., ($1,600,000,) 
divided into eight thousand shares of one thousand francs ($200) each. 
Only twenty francs, or 2 per cent., was required at the time of subscrib- 
ing. 

The subscriptions flowed in rapidly, and by the 20th day of July, 1865, 
the date of closing the books, had reached a total of 10,347,000 francs. 

The guarantee company was allowed by law a representation in the 
imperial commission. Nineteen of the guarantee-fund subscribers were 
selected for this purpose by the imperial commission. The total num- 
ber of subscribers to the guarantee fund was 1,036, and they were found 
among the manufacturers, skilled artisans, engineers, merchants, and 
professional men of Paris and France generally. Their names and 
amounts subscribed are all published in the final reports of the com- 
mission. 

The money appropriated out of the public treasury was not re- 
quired in one payment. Three millions were to be advanced in 1865, 
six millions in 1866, and three millions in 1867. 

EXPENSES. 

The balance-sheet of the whole period up to the 30th of June, 1869, 
shows that there was a total expenditure of 22,983,818 francs, (or about 
$4,596,763,) and that the receipts from all sources, including the sale of 
the buildings, were 26,114,662 francs, thus showing an excess of receipts 
over the outlays of 3,130,844.10 francs, or about $626,168. 

In the statement of -.receipts the appropriation of the 12,000,000 of 
francs by the State and the city are the leading items. The members 
of the guarantee company were not called upon beyond the installment 



SECTION XIV — FINANCIAL RESULTS OF PARIS EXPOSITION. 159 

first paid, but by the terms of their subscription were entitled to one- 
third of the surplus. 
The receipts from admission were : 

Francs. 

By subscription, (season tickets) ■ 935,050 

By the turnstiles. ' 9,830,309 

Total from admission - . , 10,865,419 

or about $2,432,709. 

The next three largest sources of revenue were : 

Francs. 

Restaurants and bars - 475,327 

Official catalogue 323,000 

Interest upon current accounts 249,806 

The sources of revenue were many and varied, and are fully enumer- 
ated in the annexed tabular transcripts from the final official balance- 
sheets, which not only show the sources of revenue, but the amounts, 
and also the expenses in full and instructive details. 

Premising that the sums appropriated by France and the city of 
Paris (12,000,000 francs, or $2,400,000) were not returned in cash, but 
should be considered as donations, the actual profits or excess of re- 
ceipts over the expenditures amounted to (including interest on current 
accounts) 2,766,000 francs up to August 4, 1871. Of this one-third was 
paid over to the city, one-third to the State, and the other third to the 
subscribers to the guarantee fund. These subscribers were thus not 
only re-imbursed, with interest, the small installment they had paid in, 
but participated in the profits, each share of one thousand francs, upon 
which only twenty francs had been paid in, receiving as interest two 
francs eleven centimes, and eighty-nine francs five centimes as divi- 
dends. 

A large part of this excess to the credit of the guarantee subscribers 
was not accepted b}~ them and has been devoted to public benefactions. 
There yet remains a sum of 47,283 francs in reserve, which, if not re- 
quired for other legitimate and unforeseen demands, is to be similarly 
disposed of. 

The imperial commission, in closing the financial chapter of their re- 
port, say : 

" So terminates, with a financial success, happily complementing its 
moral success, this vast enterprise, which, in all, will not have cost the 
country more than about 9,000,000 of francs, ($1,800,000.) 

"It is not within the limits of this report to analyze the results of 
the grand solemnity of 1867, whether in view of the advancement of 
the arts and sciences or of bringing the nations of the earth into closer 
accord, but it seems at least proper to conclude this chapter devoted to 
the finances of the exposition with a few remarks upon its economical 
significance. 

"For the first time in a great universal exhibition private capitalists 
were associated with the government in the work. In order to protect 
the future it was essential, although it appeared to be improbable at 
the outset, that the public should not have occasion to repent of its 
confidence, and, one might also say, of their disinterested patriotism. 
Beside, in view of the general credit and the position of the financial 
movement, disturbed by many shocks and mutations, it became highly 
desirable to prove that an undertaking exposed to the most unfavorable 
chances can, when it is well conducted, give good results. 



160 REPORT OF THE U. S. CENTENNIAL COMMISSION. 

" Such was the problem laid upon the imperial commission, and the 
commission has the honor of having successfully solved it. By this re- 
sult it has given to the business world a most salutary example ; and 
more than this, it has given a happy precedent which will not be for- 
gotten ; which re assures private capitalists, up to this time not eager 
to embark in such enterprises, and which will, doubtlfess, greatly facili- 
tate the task of those who organize future exhibitions." 

This encouraging view is perfectly legitimate and well-founded when 
we regard the direct benefits flowing from great universal exhibitions to 
the region in which they are held, and consider the money-value of these 
benefits as so much added to the receipts. We have seen that in the 
case of the Paris exhibition these benefits were considered sufficient to 
justify the appropriation out of the public funds of twelve millions of 
francs. With this basis of money the success was achieved. We need 
a similar foundation, in amount bearing a just relation to the magnitude 
and importance of our enterprise. 

We are aware of the feeling of Congress at the present time in regard 
to appropriations for the work committed to us. We also know 
that, so far at least as regards immediate assurance of adequate funds, we 
cannot rely on the popular subscription. We hope that it may be suffi- 
cient, and it may be in time as the merits of the work become better 
known, but the necessities of our enterprise require that there should 
not longer be any doubt about the necessary funds. There is no time 
for further delay. When you carefully look into the short future of 
three years until the opening of the exhibition in 1876, and measure the 
time required for the different stages of the work, you will see that the 
preparations must commence this spring. The general plan must be de- 
cided upon, and the work must be pressed forward vigorously, or we 
shall fail to achieve what we desire and what the nation expects of us. 

The President of the United States should soon be notified by the 
governor of the State of Pennsylvania "that provision has been made 
for the erection of suitable buildings," &c, in order that proclamation 
may be made to the nations, as contemplated by the act. 

The amount requisite to insure the construction of buildings must be 
guaranteed or appropriated at once. Enough in this way to cover the 
estimated excess of expenses over receipts would practically solve the 
problem for us. The subscriptions and the organization of the Board 
of Finance could proceed unchanged, the only difference being that the 
stock subscribers would have an assured property basis, and could 
reasonably expect to be re-imbursed, perhaps with a profit. Under such 
conditions the subscription throughout the country would become gen- 
eral and liberal. 

COST OF THE BUILDING AT PARIS, 1807. 

The total cost of the Paris exposition building was 11,783,024 francs 
93 centimes (about $2,356,604.) It covered 153,138 square meters of sur- 
face, and the expense per square meter was thus 76 francs 81 centimes, 
being about $15.36. 

The total expenditure was distributed as follows : 



SECTION XIV PARIS EXPOSITION, 1867. 



161 





Total expense. 


Per square 
meter. 




Francs, c. 
1,854,768 23 
7, 970 } 799 08 
874,070 61 
567,890 89 
205.697 34 
309,798 58 


F. c. 
12 10 




52 02 


Ornamentation, covering with zinc, and glazing 


5 70 
3 71 




1 34 




1 94 






Total 


11,783,024 93 


76 81 








$2, 356, 604 98 


$15 36 





In the annexed tabular statement of the receipts and outlays by the 
imperial commission to the close of operations January 4, 1872, the 
sum total of all the disbursements is given at 26,256,805.20 francs. 
Subtracting from this the two last items of dividends and funds in 
reserve gives as the total cost of the work 23,443,522.20 francs, or in 
dollars, at five francs to the dollar, $4,688,704.44. 

The percentage of each item will be found in the last column. A 
little over 50 per cent, was required for the building, 12 per cent, for 
laying out the park, and nearly 5 per cent, was expended in awards. 

I append also tabular statements regarding the number of persons 
engaged in connection with the imperial commission as co-laborers in 
the executive departments as jurors and commissioners. It includes 
foreign commissions and special committees. The total number of per- 
sons is 4,509. 

These figures do not include the employes and agents of the depart- 
ments of police, fire, and postal service, of the telegraphs, or of the cus- 
toms, which numbered all together 841. This figure added to the total 
above given gives over 5,250 persons engaged in the work. Besides 
these, about 400 persons were employed in various capacities about the 
grounds, the garden, and aquariums, and the offices. 

H. Mis. 99 11 



162 



KEPORT OF THE U. S. CENTENNIAL COMMISSION. 



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164 



EEPORT OF THE U. S. CENTENNIAL COMMISSION. 



NOTES TO PRECEDING TABLE. 

(a) The grouping of figures adopted for showing the operations of this period are given in Document 
No. 10, (pp. 630, 631,) according to Schedule No. 63, (pp. 559, 560,) which gives in detail the receipts and 
expenditures, by chapter, from the estimate. 

(b) The subscribers to the guaranteed capital were responsible for the sum total of $2,069,400. They 
made on subscribing a payment of 2 per cent., amounting to $41,388. The imperial commission could 
use this guarantee fund only in case of deficiency in the amounts estimated to maintain this deposit be- 
yond the limits of its estimate. It is for this reason that the total deposit of $41,388, and the re-imburse- 
ment of the same sum with interest, amounting to $4,388, figure only as a memorandum, and that the 
whole amount from the depositary received and re-imbursed by the Credit Eoncier was itself not 
comprised in the balance given up to June 30, 1869; but, in the final balance of liquidation, it became 
indispensable to show properly the receipts as well as the expenditures estimated to the third period 
and those not reclaimed to July 31, 1871, which amount, with principal and interest, to $543. 

(c) Figures regulated according to the results of the final operations of liquidation, and verified in an 
extra session of the finance committee held February 4, 1872. 

(d) See the result of the deliberation before given, (p. 657,) and the decisions hereinafter given, (p. 662.) 
\e) Total of amounts to be paid at once, regulated after the results of the final operations of liquidation, 

and verified in the extra session of the finance committee held February 4, 1872. 

(/) Total of amount to deposit in Credit Foncier regulated as the preceding. 

(g) The subscribers to the guarantee capital, after having been re-imbursed the amount they paid, 
were entitled to the following sums: Interest at 5 per cent, of paid-up capital, $4,388; first dividend 
one-third, $160,000; second dividend one-third, $24,000. For each $200 subscribed, or for $4 paid in, 
they received, in addition to the re-imbursement of this last sum, interest, at 5 per cent., $0.30; gain, in 
two dividends, $17.80. 

Area assigned, in the Champ de Mars, to each country. 







Surface occupied — 


Country. 


13 
©g 


In the park. 


© a 


CO . 

© 








Covered. 


Uncov'd. 


a © 


o 






>H 






o 


frH 


France 


sq. meters. 


67, 025 


27, 891 


58, 319 


4,311 


157, 546 


Holland » 


do.... 


2,208 


909 


3,803 




6,920 


Belgium 


do.... 


7,336 


2,416 


6, 756 




16, 508 


North Germany 


do.... 


12, 791 


896 


8,200 




21, 887 


Hesse 


do.... 


1,032 


20 


104 




1,156 




do.... 

do.... 


823 
1, 312 








82a 


Wurtemberg 


428 


588 




2,328 


Bavaria 


do.... 


1,178 


565 


571 




2,314 


Austria 


do.... 


8,569 


1,686 


7, 241 




17,496 


Switzerland 


do.... 


2,948 


1,412 


2, 136 




6,496 


Spain 


do.... 


•2,015 


578 


800 




3,393 


Portugal . . ; 


do.... 


696 


157 


1, 163 




2,016 


Greece 


do.... 


696 








696 


Denmark 


do.... 


1,049 


18 


400 




1,467 


Sweden and Norway 


do.... 


2,010 


469 


2,167 




4,646 


Russia 


do.... 


3,145 


1,439 


1,707 




6,291 


Italy 


do.... 


4,030 


438 


2, 522 




6, 990 


Poutifical states 


do.... 


419 


64 


346 




829 


Roumanian principalities 


do.... 


901 


58 


1,632 




2,591 


Tnrkey „ 


do.... 


1,347 


352 


2, 432 




4,131 




do.... 


555 


1,634 


4,266 




6,455 


Persia 


do... 


105 








105 


China 


do.... 


362 


725 


1,366 




2,453 


Japan . . . ^. 


do.... 


591 


107 


1,051 




1, 749 


Siam 


do.... 


13-7 


87 


183 




407 


Tunis 


do.... 


439 


651 


1, 857 




2,947 


Morocco 


do.... 


726 


198 


674 




1,598 


United States of America 


do.... 


3,870 


1,642 


3, 472 




8,984 


South American republics 


do.... 


704 








704 




do.... 

do.... 


470 
63 








470 


Hawaii 








63 


Great Britain 


do.... 


23,586 


7,273 


4,752 


1,608 


37, 219 




52, 113 


118, 508 
















153, 138 


170 621 


5,919 


329, 678 


' • 









SECTION XIV PARIS EXPOSITION, 1867. 



165 



Available horizontal surface occupied in the buildings, by countries and by groups. 



Country, 



si 
5" 



Groups. 



II. 



III. 



IV. 



VI. 



VII. 



Franco sq. meters . 

Holland do 

Belgium do — 

North Germany do 

Hesse do 

Baden do 

Wurtemberg do 

Bavaria do 

Austria do 

Switzerland do 

Spain do... 

Portugal do 

Greece do 

Denmark do 

Sweden and Norway do.'... 

Russia do.. . 

Italy do 

Pontifical states do 

Roumanian principalities do 

Turkey do 

Egypt do 

Persia do.... 

China do 

Ja pan do 

Sim do 

Tunis do 

Morocco do 

United States of America do 

South American republics do 

Brazil do 

Hawaii do 

Great Britain do 



47G 
30 



10 



21 

38 

46 

100 

•24 
40 



1.120 
28 
104 
279 
42 
48 
82 
44 
97 
26 
32 
14 
16 
24 
70 
21 
90 
44 
44 
49 



3,335 

48 

232 

437 

48 

65 

37 

50 

372 

45 

30 

33 

19 

68 

50 

105 

138 

22 

22 

58 

50 

36 

18 

15 

3 

16 

23 

84 

52 

17 



3,526 

65 

362 

533 

56 

70 

87 

16 

401 

120 

103 

50 

41 

21 

55 

89 

121 

10 

10 

9(3 

24 



1,509 

109 

196 

957 

30 

42 

40 

50 

242 

120 

33 

16 

30 

20 

40 

122 

101 

10 

10 

50 



8,247 

274 

956 

1,190 

122 

146 

73 

121 

1,222 

234 

155 

47 

30 

56 

220 

120 

474 

10 

10 

104 

112 



1,309 



15 

11 
10 
16 
18 
108 
21 
21 
20 
1,372 



8 

2 

2 

8 

8 

88 

43 

18 

22 

778 



41 
6 
28 
28 
230 
23 
23 



3,011 



Total 1,062 J2.956 6,842 



7,558 



4,713 17,310 7,457 1,382 



3,799 

180 

180 

203 

34 

42 

23 

32 

224 

70 

80 

30 

30 

15 

75 

143 

200 

10 

10 

80 



1,106 
6 



270 



58 
250 



23,118 
737 

2, 030 

3,879 

332 

413 

342 

313 

2,703 

625 

458 

220 

166 

225 

548 

646 

1,224 

130 

146 

437 

201 

36 

73 

91 

48 

80 

147 

819 

163 

93 

42 

8.795 



49,280 






ORGANIZATION OF THE PARIS EXPOSITION COMMISSION. 

Number of persons engaged as collaborators of the imperial commission and natur 

service. 



of the 



French. 



Foreign. 



Total. 



Subscribers to the guarantee-fund 

Imperial commission 

Committees of the imperial commission 

Commissariat-general 

Foreign commissions and committees 

Jury of new order of recompenses 

Jury upon fine arts, agriculture, and industry 

Jury upon fine arts, agriculture, and industry, (associate members and 
substitutes) ,. 

Authors and editors of the jury reports 

Committees of admission 

Bureaus of the committees of admission of group X 

Jury of admission of works of art 

Commission upon the history of labor 

Jury upon alimentary establishments 

Installation syndicates 

Presidents and secretaries of department committees 

Commission for the exposition of agriculture 

Commission for the horticultural exposition '. 

Commission for the arboricultural exposition 

Committee of weights, measures, and coins.. 

Committee on ventilation 

Committee upon the exposition of musical works 

Committee upon yachts, and experiments in salvage 

Commission for encouraging study by workingmen 

Miscellaneous 

Architects engaged in the erection of the trophies in the hall of the dis- 
tribution of prizes 

Co-operators in the exposition of the history of labor 

Committee upon recovery of funds and auditing accounts 

Jury of admission for the gallery of the history of labor '. 



033 

10 

1 

136 

23 

3 

216 

152 

27 

160 

3 

27 
2 



859 

8 

212 



036 
12 

I 

186 

882 

11 

428 

265 

29 

160 

3 

27 
2 



76 
422 

1 



76 

422 

1 



2 
503 



Total. 



1,518 



48 
4,509 



166 



REPORT OF THE U. S. CENTENNIAL COMMISSION. 



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SECTION XV APPROPRIATIONS. 

Number of trips coming and going. 



167 



Modes of transportation. 


During the whole 
period. 


Mean number 
daily. 


Railway to the exposition 


1,472,969 

2,787,620 
7, 169, 606 
2, 328, 000 
1, 486, 000 
371, 000 
14,384,805 


6,788 
12, 846 
33, 041 


Steamboats on the Seine 


Omnibus 


Light vehicles 


10, 724 


Public cabs 


6, 84S 


Private carriages . .• 


1,710 


On foot 


66, 291 




Total trips, coming and going 


30, 000, 000 


138, 248 





The imperial commission counted no less than 15,000,000 of visitors, in- 
cluding all who arrived within the inclosures, whether paying visitors, 
exhibitors, or employes. This necessitated the same number of trips 
coming and going, being 30,000,000 in all, as above stated. 



SECTION 15. 

APPROPRIATION BY CONGRESS PROPOSED— APPROPRIATION MADE BY CITY 

OF PHILADELPHIA. 

May 23. 

The executive committee reported : 

A governmental appropriation to cover the actual expenses of the 
National Commission should, however, be made, and it 3 may be well, at 
proper time, to ask Congress to make such appropriation. Their duties 
will draw heavily upon their time, and they should not, even if able, be 
made to pay expenses also ; nor should they, as national officers, be de- 
pendent on the hospitality of the city of Philadelphia. Their efficiency 
and independence will be greatly increased by such reasonable appro- 
priation as should be cheerfully made by Congress, in view of the prece- 
dent created in paying the expenses of the United States commissioners 
to the Paris exposition of 1867, and other current expenses connected 
therewith. 



From report of executive committee, December 4, 1872. 

Finding itself embarrassed for want of funds to pay for the printing 
and distribution of books and blanks relating to the organization of the 
Board of Finance, and to conduct its other labors, the executive commit- 
tee appealed to the citizens of Philadelphia for aid, which resulted in 
the appointment of a citizens' committee, consisting of Hon. D. M. Fox, 
J. B. Lippincott, Edwin H. Fitler, Joseph Patterson, Edwin M. Lewis, 
John O. James, James L. Claghorn, William Sellers, W. W. Harding, 
and Henry G. Morris. After consultation with the city authorities, this 
committee decided to recommend an appropriation by the municipality 
of the sum of $50,000 as a provision for the current expenses of the 
commission, which sum was voted by the city councils with promptness 
and unanimity. This generous action is an evidence of the great inter- 



168 REPORT OF THE U. S. CENTENNIAL COMMISSION. 

est which the city feels in the centennial celebration, and insures the 

successful prosecution of the preliminary labors of the com mission. 

# # # #"# * * 

The National Commission, in promoting the organization of the Board 
of Finance, has divested itself of all financial trusts in connection with 
the exhibition, reserving to itself its character as a disinterested and 
independent board of direction representing the Government and people 
of the United States. 

The duties of his office will require from each commissioner a large 
amount of his time and labor, and the necessity of attending periodical 
meetings in Philadelphia involves considerable expense*. 

The functions of the commission cannot be properly performed with- 
out permanent officers and competent clerks and agents, and it is not 
unreasonable to ask that these indispensable expenses should be borne 
by the National Government. The citizens of Philadelphia and its mu- 
nicipal authorities have shown a spirit of liberality in sustaining thus 
far what should be a common burden, as it is for the general benefit, 
and the commission should no longer be dependent upon them. Its 
independence, dignity, and usefulness will be increased by the further 
recognition of its material functions and provision for its expenses by 
the General Government. 

DECEMBER 5, 1872. 

The president submitted a communication from John L. Shoemaker, 
chairman of the centennial committee of the councils of Philadelphia, 
transmitting a copy of the ordinance passed by the councils of Phila- 
delphia making an appropriation of $50,000 for the preliminary expenses 
of the commission. And the same having been read, 

Mr. Matthews, of Illinois, offered the following, to wit : 

Resolved, That the thanks of the commission are hereby heartily ex- 
tended to the mayor and councils and people of Philadelphia for their 
most generous and liberal contribution for forwarding the objects of the 
commission. 

Resolved, That the communication be referred to the committee on 
finance. 

December 6, 1872. 

Mr. Cleveland, of New Jersey, offered the following : 

Resolved, That Congress be memorialized to guarantee against loss 
the undertaking to an amount not exceeding two and a half millions of 
dollars. Which having been read, and the question being on the adop- 
tion of the resolution, 

Mr. Birney, of Michigan, moved to amend by striking out all after the 
word " Besolved," and inserting in place thereof the following: " That 
Congress be memorialized to make an appropriation in aid of the cele- 
bration of the centennial anniversary of the Declaration of Independ- 
ence." 

Pending the consideration of which, 

Mr. Prosser, of Tennessee, moved that the commission take a recess 
until 3J o'clock this afternoon. Which was agreed to. 

The hour of 3J o ? clock p. m. having arrived, the members of the com- 
mission re-assembled. 

Mr. Goshorn, of Ohio, acting as president, stated that the question 
was upon agreeing to the amendment of the gentleman from Michigan 
to the resolution offered by the gentleman from New Jersey. 

Mr. Loring, of Massachusetts, moved that the resolution, together 



SECTION XV APPROPRIATIONS. 169 

with the pending amendment, be referred to the committee on finance, 
with power to take such action on the subject as to them may seem 
most advisable. ■ 

The subject was discussed by Mr. Morrell,of Pennsylvania, Mr. Pruyn, 
of New York, Mr. Loring, of Massachusetts, Mr. Byrd, of Alabama, Mr. 
Gobright, of District of Columbia, Mr. Earle, of Maryland, and Mr. 
Holton, of Wisconsin. 

And pending the consideration of the motion to refer, 

Mr. Lowry, of Iowa, (by unanimous consent,) moved that when the 
commission adjourns it will adjourn to meet to-morrow morning, at 10 
o'clock, in this room. Which was agreed to. 

On motion, the commission adjourned. 

LEWIS WALN SMITH, 

Temporary 'Secretary. 

December 7, 1872. 

Mr. Cleveland, of New Jersey, having vacated the chair, Mr. Lowry, 
of Iowa, fifth vice-president, acting as president, stated that the sub- 
ject pending at the adjournment of the commission yesterday would 
now be in order ; and that the question was on agreeing to the motion 
of the gentleman from Massachusetts, that the resolution requesting an 
appropriation from Congress, together with the pending amendment, be 
referred to the committee on finance, with power to take such action on 
the subject as to them may seem most advisable. 

After further discussion by Mr. Campbell, of Indiana, Mr. McCor- 
mick, of Arizona, Mr. Prosser, of Tennessee, and Mr. G-antt, of Arkan- 
sas, 

Mr. Pruyn, of New York, moved that the motion to refer to the com- 
mittee on finance, and the resolution and pending amendment be laid on 
the table, for the purpose of enabling him to offer a resolution on the 
same subject. W T hich was agreed to. 

Whereupon, 

Mr. Pruyn, of New York, offered the following, to wit : 

Resolved, That the resolution, and the proposed amendment thereto, 
now on the table, in reference to an application to Congress in aid for 
carrying out the objects of the exhibition, be referred to a special com- 
mittee of five members, to report upon the same for the action of the 
commission by resolution or otherwise. 

Which was agreed to. 

The president announced that Mr. Pruyn, of New York, having de- 
clined to act as chairman, he had appointed Mr. Loring, of Massachu- 
setts, chairman, and Mr. Goshorn, of Ohio, Mr. Pruyn, of New York, 
Mr. Boteler, of West Virginia, and Mr. Nye, of Maine, the other mem- 
bers of the committee, under the resolution. 

Mr. Cleveland, of New Jersey, offered the following, to wit : 

Resolved, That Congress be asked to authorize the President of the 
United States to appoint a special commission of three judicious persons, 
who shall duly consider and report to the President before the next ses- 
sion of Congress what, in their judgment, is the further duty of the 
Government in regard to the great international exhibition to be held 
in 1870. 

And the same having been read, moved that the resolution be referred 
to the special committee of five members relative to memorializing Con- 
gress for an appropriation. Which was agreed to. 

Mr. Wood, of Virginia, offered the following, to wit: 

Resolved, 1st. That it is the sense of this com mission that the Congress 



170 REPORT OF THE U. S. CENTENNIAL COMMISSION. 

of the United States should annually appropriate a sum of money suffi- 
cient to pay the reasonable expenses of the members of the commission 
while in the discharge of their duties, and the salaries of such officers 
of the commission as the commission from time to time may find it 
necessary to employ. 

Resolved, 2d. That the committee on finance be, and they are hereby, 
directed to memorialize Congress on the subject, and to obtain the appro- 
priation contemplated in the first resolution. 

Which was read and referred to the same committee. 

Mr. Byrd, of Alabama, offered the following, to wife : 

Resolved, That Congress be memorialized to appropriate the sum of 
one hundred thousand dollars annually to the Centennial Commission 
to meet the expenses of the commission and the purposes of the expo- 
sition, and that the executive committee prepare and present a memo- 
rial to Congress in this behalf. 

And the same having been read, moved that the resolution be referred 
to the special committee on the subject. Which was agreed to. 

December 9, 1872. 
Mr. Loring, from the special committee appointed to take into consid- 
eration and report upon the subject of memorializing Congress for an 
appropriation for the expenses of the commission, submitted the fol- 
lowing report : 

Philadelphia, December 9, 1872. 
The committee to whom was referred the resolve submitting the ques- 
tion of finance to the consideration of the Congress of the United States, 
would respectfully submit the annexed memorial (Appendix Xo. 7) as, 
in their opinion, the best method of appeal for national aid. 

GEOKGE B. LOKING, 

Chairman. 

Which having been read, 

Mr. Creigh, of California, moved that the report be accepted, and 
that the members of the commission be requested to affix their signa- 
tures to the memorial to be transmitted to Congress. Which was agreed 
to. 

APPENDIX No. 7. 

To the honorable the Senate and House of Representatives of the United 

States of America : 

The memorial of the United States Centennial Commission, appointed 
under the act of Congress, approved March 3, 1871, entitled "An act to 
provide for celebrating the one hundredth anniversary of American In- 
dependence," &c, respectfully represents, that, at its recent meeting in 
Philadelphia, it was ascertained by the reports of its members, from 
various parts of the Union, that the people of their respective States 
had not furnished such material aid as is now required for the important 
work with which the commission has been charged, and that the pro 
rata stock subscriptions, contemplated by the act approved June 1, 1872, 
cannot be made in time to enable the commission to complete its pre- 
liminary arrangements for the proposed exhibition, so that it may, in all 
respects, comport with the dignity of our Government, the character of 
its institutions, the growth of the nation, and the grandeur of the event 
which it is intended to commemorate. Your memorialists, therefore, 
respectfully and earnestly solicit such assistance from Congress as, in its 



SEC. XVI PROPOSED APPROPRIATION BY PENNSYLVANIA. 171 

judgment, may be required by the exigencies of the case for those pre- 
parations now necessary to be made for carrying into effect the general 
wish of the country, " that the completion of the first century of its 
national existence shall be commemorated by an exhibition of its na- 
tional resources and their development, and of its progress in those arts 
which benefit mankind, in comparison with those of older nations." And 
your memorialists will ever pray, &c. 

December 9, 1872. 
Mr. Prosser, of Tennessee, offered the following, to wit: 
Resolved, That the committee on finance be requested to proceed to 
Washington and lay before Congress and the committee on centennial 
affairs of that body, [a statement of] the amount which it is desired that 
Congress shall appropriate for the benefit of the centennial celebration, 
and the manner in which it shall be expended. 
Which was read and adopted. 

December 10, 1872. 

Mr. Byrd, of Alabama, offered the following, to wit : 
Resolved, That hereafter the centennial commissioners and alternates 
shall be entitled to be refunded the actual cost of transportation to and 
from the sessions of the commission, and all members of the committees 
shall be entitled to be refunded the same in attending any sessions of the 
committees, except such sessions as may be held during the sessions of 
the commission, and each commissioner shall receive $500 per annum in 
lieu of all other expenses, charges, and compensation for services, com- 
mencing on the first of January, 1873, which sum shall be payable quar- 
terly. 
Which was read, and referred to the committee on finance. 



SECTION 1G. 
PROPOSED APPROPRIATION BY THE STATE OF PENNSYLVANIA. 

January 22, 1873. 

The executive committee authorized the chairman to prepare a letter, 
to be signed by the committee, addressed to the governor of Pennsyl- 
vania, requesting his assistance in procuring from the legislature of that 
State an appropriation for the centennial celebration, and suggesting a 
personal interview by the members of the committee with the proper 
committees of the legislature. 

On the 28th of January the committee, together with a delegation 
from the councils of Philadelphia, the park commission, and the State 
centennial commission, had the desired interview with his excellency 
Governor Hartranft and the members of the proper committees of the 
legislature, as well as with the members of both houses, and explained to 
them the importance of a State appropriation of at least a million 
dollars to promote the success of the exhibition. The matter is still 
under consideration. 

On the 1th February, 1873, the Hon. Daniel J. Morrell, chairman of the 
executive committee, addressed to the governor of Pennsylvania the 
letter, of which the following is a copy, and which his excellency com- 
municated to both branches of the State legislature on the 7th of 
February, 1873 : 



172 REPORT OF THE IT. S. CENTENNIAL COMMISSION. 

Johnstown, February 4, 1873. 

Dear Sir : Personally, and on behalf of my colleagues, I desire to 
convey to you an acknowledgment of the very favorable impression left 
upon our minds by the interview which you accorded to the executive 
committee of the Centennial Commission and those who kindly accom- 
panied us, and by the assurance that anything you could legally do as 
chief magistrate of the commonwealth to aid us in our work would be 
cheerfully done. 

Since our interview I presume you have seen, in one or more news- 
papers of the State, editorial articles which strove to identify the work 
of the National Centennial Commission with schemes for the removal of 
the State capital, and strongly opposing any appropriation by the legis- 
lature for centennial purposes. I have been much surprised at this dis- 
play of unfairness and illiberality, and may attribute to it more import- 
ance than it deserves. At a time when all the States are appealed to 
for subscriptions to the stock of the Centennial Board of Finance, and 
when the other members of the commission are constantly asking, What 
will Pennsylvania do % anything like a division of sentiment within the 
State is to be deplored. 

It was to be expected that the proposal to hold a national celebration 
and international exhibition under the authority and patronage of the 
Federal Government at Philadelphia would meet with opposition from 
the cities and citizens of other States, who might wish to claim so rare 
and valuable a distinction for themselves, or dislike to see it bestowed 
upon Pennsylvania. Whatever feeling of this sort once existed has 
been happily subdued. Through the patriotic labors of the Centennial 
Commission, nobly aided by the newspaper press, the country at large 
is beginning to understand that the enterprise is not local in its char- 
acter, but national ; that Philadelphia was chosen because it was the 
birthplace of that national independence which it is the purpose of the 
centennial to celebrate, and that questions of local or personal interest 
are insignificant when compared with the considerations of national 
reputation, honor, and profit involved in the successful prosecution of a 
work which is not only of moment to our own land, but also to the whole 
world. 

The members of the National Commission have been giving their time 
and labor to the task of combating prejudice and eulisting popular 
favor in the States which they represent, and the press of the country, 
with a few exceptions, has generously and without asking or receiving 
pay, published such matters connected with the proceedings of the com- 
mission as were of public interest, and has rendered other friendly ser- 
vices of inestimable value. 

In accepting their important trust under the act of Congress, which 
was incomplete in that it supplied no means for carrying its provisions 
into effect, the National Commissioners felt that if they engaged ear- 
nestly in their work, popular sentiment would sustain them and a way 
would open for the successful prosecution of their labors. I believe 
that Congress will come to the aid of the commission when it has made 
such progress as to deserve it ; and will make such an appropriation as 
will place the agents of the Government upon an independent and re- 
spectable footing. The National Commission looks to the State of 
Pennsylvania and the city of Philadelphia to make such a grant as will 
show that here where the money is to be expended there is confidence 
in the enterprise, and when this action is taken we have no doubt that 
the people of this and other States will speedily contribute, through 
the Centennial Board of Finance, all the fnnds needed to prepare and 
conduct the exhibition. 



SEC. XVI PROPOSED APPROPRIATION BY PENNSYLVANIA. 173 

The members of the Centennial Commission in obtaining the passage 
of the act of Congress authorizing the organization of the Board of 
Finance, desired to relieve themselves from the custody of the large 
sums of money to be received and expended in managing the exhibition, 
and from all suspicion of enjoying any pecuniary interest or profit. 

They did not, however, abdicate their functions, and they retain such 
supervision of the proceedings of the Board of Finance as is intended 
to give a national indorsement of its acts, to insure the proper conduct 
of the exhibition, an equitable distribution of its revenues, and the pres- 
ervation of its histoiw. 

Efforts have been made to give the Board of Finance a national char- 
acter, and to make its management thoroughly representative. The 
stock is now being offered for a hundred days in each State and Terri- 
tory of the Union. When the books shall be closed, it is provided that 
one hundred subscribers of stock shall be named by the Centennial 
Commission, from whom the stockholders shall elect a board of twenty- 
five directors. Such a provision was necessary, because it would be 
impossible for stockholders, scattered all over the country, to confer 
with each other, or even to know the representative men who should be 
elected directors. The commission resolved at its last session that fif- 
teen candidates should be residents of the city of Philadelphia, and 
imposed the duty of making all nominations upon the executive com- 
mittee. ]t is the purpose of the committee to place in nomination men 
of noted integrity and ability, whose names will be an assurance of 
honest and skillful management. They are not unmindful of the suspi- 
cion which attaches at this time to all projects involving the outlay of 
large sums of money, yet they do not believe that tLe country "has 
lost the breed of noble bloods," or that it will be difficult to find citizens 
who may be trusted to render faithful service, and who will esteem it a 
sufficient reward to be known to future generations as managers of the 
international exhibition which celebrated the centennial of American 
Independence. 

The members of .the National Commission, who come together as the 
representatives of States, feel that the work committed to them is of a 
different character from ordinary business enterprises. While they 
hope and believe that the stockholders of the Board of Finance may re- 
ceive back their subscriptions, with an added profit, they have found 
it easy to think that this would not be the primary consideration in the 
minds of the people. 

The commissioners have seen in the memorial character of the cen- 
tennial celebration an opportunity of obliterating any animosities which 
may linger in the wake of the late destructive civil war, and of renew- 
ing the devotion of all citizens to their common country. They know 
that while Philadelphia and Pennsylvania must enjoy some exceptional 
advantages from the international exhibition, the whole country will 
be immeasurably benefited by it. There is no art it will not encourage, 
no iudustry it will not quicken, and its impulses for good wdl not be 
limited to our own laud, but extend to the other nations of the earth. 

The mass of the people cannot be at once lifted up to a right appre- 
ciation of the character and purposes of the enterprise which we are 
carefully and painfully organizing j it will take time to reach them, and 
many agencies to teach them, and time is just the thing which we have 
not to spare. There are urgent reasons for appealing to the city of 
Philadelphia and the State of Pennsylvania to make such liberal ad- 
vances as will enable you to discharge an important duty under the 
original act of Congress creating the Centennial Commission. It enacts 



174 REPORT OF THE U. S. CENTENNIAL COMMISSION. 

that whenever you shall inform the President of the United States that 
provision has been made for the creation of suitable buildings for the 
purposes of the exhibition, he shall make proclamation setting forth the 
time when and place where it will be held, and communicate this 
information officially to the representatives of foreign nations, with 
such other matters concerning the exhibition as may be of interest to 
the people of their countries. This formal recognition and notification 
cannot be much longer delayed without great injury. It can be obtained 
immediately if the legislature will take such action as has been solicited 
by the executive committee, and citizens of the State. 

Our State can well afford to make a donation of a million dollars to 
insure the success of the exhibition, but it is not asked to do so. It will 
receive a full consideration for its grant, for the money is to be expended 
in the erection of a permanent public building, which, after serving the 
uses of the exhibition, will be made a depository of things which are 
valuable, because of their association with events of national importance, 
or as illustrating the progress of civilization and the arts in our new 
country. It will remain a worthy memorial of an event of which the 
nation may be proud, and the unborn millions who will celebrate the 
second centennial of American Independence may esteem it as one of 
their chiefest treasures. The State has the money to spare, and I ask 
if it can be put to nobler use. 

Many schemes involvingthe appropriation of money are pressed upon 
the attention of the legislature, and it is proper that due caution should 
be exercised. If other matters do not receive favorable consideration 
this year, they may next, and delay may occasion no loss, but the claims 
of the centennial are exceptional, and the present opportunity of favor- 
ing it will never return. It is my duty to say that the executive committee, 
from what they know of the status of the enterprise, deem it to be of the 
utmost importance that there should be favorable action. In no other 
way can there be prompt compliance with the provisions of the organic 
law, within cited, and it is essential that the members of the National 
Commission should be enabled to point to the example of Pennsylvania, 
as one which should be followed by the States which they represent. 

Up to this time the committee has done zealously what is deemed best 
for the cause, and it is possible that mistakes have been made, but we 
do not think that the application to the legislature is mistaken or can 
possibly fail, or that the confidence which the committee has placed in 
the intelligence, patriotism, and liberality of the people of Pennsylvania 
and their representatives will prove to be unfounded. 

It is because 1 know you to have deeply at heart the welfare of our 
State that I trespass so far upon your attention, and earnestly invoke 
your good offices in aid of the commission and the citizens who have 
acted with them in this matter. 

D. J. MOERELL, 
Commissioner of Pennsylvania. 

His Excellency John F. Hartranft, 

Governor of Pennsylvania. 



SECTION 17. 
TARIFFS AND TRANSPORTATION. 

December 7, 1872. 
Mr. Campbell, of Indiana, offered the following, to wit: 
Resolved, That the committee on tariffs and transportation, in con- 






SECTION XVII TARIFFS AND TRANSPORTATION. 175 

fortuity with the recommendation of their report, be, and they are here- 
by, authorized to issue orders for transportation to members of this 
commission, when required to travel in the discharge of their official 
duties, over such transportation lines as may decline to grant the cour- 
tesy of free travel, and to pay for the same, under the established rules 
and regulations of the commission for the auditing and payment of ex- 
pense-accounts, at the most favorable rates that the committee may be 
able to effect. 

Resolved, That this committee also be authorized to perfect such rules 
and regulations for the importation of articles for exhibition from for- 
eign countries as shall meet the sanction of the Secretary of the United 
States Treasury. 

Which having been read, and the question being on the first resolu- 
tion, 

Mr. Creigh, of California, moved that the resolution be referred to 
the committee on tariffs and transportation ; which was not agreed to. 
The first resolution was then adopted. The second resolution was 
adopted. 

Mr. French, of Mississippi, chairman of the committee on tariffs and 
transportation, submitted a report upon the subject of the introduction 
into this country of articles from foreign countries intended for exhibi- 
tion, and also relative to the arrangements made with the several rail- 
road companies of the country for the conveyance of the members of 
the commission to and from the places of meeting of the body. (Ap- 
pendix No. 5.) 

APPENDIX No. 5. 

Philadelphia, December 4, 1872. 
Hon. Joseph R. Hawley, 

President of the United States Centennial Commission : 

Sir: The committee on tariffs and transportation have the honor to 
submit the following report: 

The Hon. Chas. H. Marshall, commissioner alternate from New York, 
has, at the request of this committee, given his attention to the subject 
of the introduction into this country of articles from foreign countries 
intended for exhibition, and has conferred with the authorities at 
Washington relative to the requisite custom-house regulations for 
admitting the same. 

In a personal interview with his Excellency, the President of the 
United States, and the Hon. George S. Boutwell, the Secretary of the 
United States Treasury, the gratifying assurance was received that all 
proper encouragement and aid would be rendered the commission in 
perfecting such arrangements as may be necessary to insure the ad- 
mission of all articles from foreign countries, intended for exhibition, 
free of duty. 

The Secretary of the Treasury has signified his willingness to perfect 
such an arrangement, (the details of which will be carried out under his 
supervision, and with his sanction, when the occasion arrives;) which 
action your committee would respectfully recommend. The3 T would 
further suggest that to protect the revenue against any abuses of this 
privilege, articles intended for exhibition should be admitted free of 
duty only on condition that if subsequently exposed for sale in this 
country, they shall be subject to the same duties as are similar articles 
imported from abroad through the ordinary channels of trade and com- 
merce. This could be accomplished by means of a bond, to be given at 



176 REPORT OF THE U. S. CENTENNIAL COMMISSION. 

the time of entry of the goods at the various custom-houses throughout 
the country by the exhibitor, such boud to be canceled on satisfactory 
assurance that its conditions had been complied with. 

TRANSPORTATION. 

The members of your committee have improved every opportunity of 
conversing with railroad officials, and bringing the matter of transpor- 
tation to their favorable attention, and are gratified to be able to assure 
the commission that in almost every instance they find them willing 
and anxious to render any assistance and encouragement in their power 
that may contribute to render the exhibition a success. 

The objects and purposes of the commission have not been well under- 
stood by the railroad companies of the country. Those objects and 
purposes are now being so generally published, in the form of the ad- 
dress of the president and secretary of the commission, and by other 
means, as to insure a more general understanding of the objects of the 
commission, and your committee feel justified iu promising that all 
reasonable facilities will be accorded to commissioners when required 
to travel in the discharge of their official duties. 

Hon. D. M. Boyd, jr., commissioner alternate from Indiana, at the re- 
quest of the committee, has given especial attention to the procuring of 
free transportation for commissioners. 

Your coiiiinittee respectfully submit the accompanying special report 
of what has thus far been accomplished in this important matter: 

Philadelphia, December 4, 1872. 
Hon. Joseph R. Hawley, 

President of the United States Centennial Commission : 

Sir: The committee on tariffs and transportation, who were charged 
with procuring free transportation for commissioners to and from Phila- 
delphia for tbe regular sessions of the commission, respectfully submit 
the result of their efforts thus far : 

A circular letter (copy attached marked A) was addressed to the 
several railroad lines over which it was ascertained commissioners would 
be required to travel, asking that this committee be duly authorized to 
issue certificates of free transportation of the form attached, marked 
B, under the following restrictions : 

1. Certificates of transportation to be issued to commissioners when 
they were required to travel in the discharge of their official duties. 

2. Transportation to be furnished to such commissioners as gave 
notice of their intention to attend the respective meetings. 

3. Return transportation to be issued at the rooms of the commission, 
to such members as were in attendance at the meetings. 

4. A report of certificates so issued for each meeting to be forwarded 
promptly to each railroad company. 

Wliere the foregoing plan might not meet with approval, the courtesy 
of free travel was solicited in any form that might be acceptable to the 
railroad companies. 

As the time necessary to perfect the projected arrangement was not 
rightly estimated, and in consequence of not receiving prompt replies 
from the commissioners in all cases as to the routes over which they 
desired to travel, the committee were unable to procure and forward 
transportation for all the members in season for the present meeting, 
but they will be enabled to furnish return transportation to a greater 
extent. 



SECTION XVII TARIFFS AND TRANSPORTATION. 177 

The following railroad companies have responded favorably to the 
application of the committee, viz: 

Central Pacific Railroad ; Union Pacific Railroad ; Illinois Central Rail- 
road ; Chicago, Burlington and Quincy Railroad ; Mobile and Ohio Rail- 
road; Hannibal and Saint Joseph Railroad ; Connecticut and Passumpsic 
River Railroad ; Cumberland Valley Railroad ; Kansas Pacific Railroad ; 
Ohio and Mississippi Railroad; Pennsylvania Railroad; Philadelphia 
and Erie Railroad ; Northern Central Railroad ; Baltimore and Potomac 
Railroad; Alexandria and Fredericksburg Railroad ; Philadelphia, Wil- 
mington and Baltimore Railroad ; Lake Shore and Michigan Southern 
Railroad ; Louisville and Nashville and Great Southern Railroad; South 
and North Alabama Railroad ; Selma, Rome and Dalton Railroad ; Bur- 
lington and Missouri River Railroad; Pittsburgh, Fort Wayne and 
Chicago Railroad; Pittsburgh, Cincinnati and Saint Louis Railroad; 
Cleveland and Pittsburgh Railroad ; Jefferson ville, Madison and Indian- 
apolis Railroad ; Saint Louis, Vandalia,' Terre Haute and Indianapolis 
Railroad; Northern Pacific Transportation Company; Oregon and Cali- 
fornia Railroad ; Jacksonville, Pensacola and Mobile Railroad ; Chicago, 
Rock Island and Pacific Railroad ; Atlantic, Mississippi and Ohio Rail- 
road ; Atlantic and Gulf Railroad. 

Only two railroad companies have declined to furnish free transporta- 
tion for commissioners, while some fifteen or twenty of those addressed 
are yet to be heard from. 

Your committee also addressed a letter (a copy of which is attached, 
marked C) to each of the commissioners, requesting him to indicate the 
route over which he proposed to travel in attending the approaching 
session of the commission. And afterward, when the passes were pro- 
cured, another letter (a copy of which is attached, marked D) was sent 
to each commissioner concerned, inclosing such passes as may have 
been obtained for him. 

Your committee hope to perfect arrangements for the transportation 
of all members in ample time for the next meeting ; and to this end 
would ask authority from the commission to issue certificates of trans- 
portation over such roads as decline to pass members free, and to pay 
for the same at such reduced rates as they may be able to effect. 

Commissioners in attendance at the present session are requested to 
hand in their names to the chairman, with a list of the roads over which 
they wish to return, where they have not previously indicated their 
routes, and such tickets as the committee can furnish will be made out 
and handed to them. 



Very respectfully submitted. 



O. C. FRENCH. 
D. M. BOYD, Jr. 
CHARLES H. MARSHALL. 
JOSHUA NYE. 
A. J. SWEENEY. 
W. F. PROSSER. 



A. 

UNITED STATES CENTENNIAL COMMISSION. 
Committee on Tariffs and Transportation. 

Philadelphia, , 1872. 

Sir: The United States Centennial Commission, appointed by the 
President from the several States and Territories, to superintend and 
H. Mis. 99 12 



178 REPORT OF THE U. S. CENTENNIAL COMMISSION. 

manage the International Exibition of 1876, celebrating the one hun- 
dredth anniversary of American Independence, are required to meet in 
the city of Philadelphia, for the discharge of the trusts committed to 
their care, from three to four times per annum. In view of the fact that 
the commissioners give their time and labor to this cause without com- 
pensation, and that the exhibition and the results of their labors will 
be to create a large travel and revenue to transportion lines, the com- 
mission appeal to such lines to grant free transportation to the com- 
missioners when they are called on to travel in the discharge of their 
official duties. On behalf of the committee on tariffs and transportation, 
I solicit authority from you to issue tickets of the inclosed form to the 
commissioners, who will use your line between the points named, in 
attending the meetings of the commission : 

The committee will issue these tickets for each separate meeting called, 
and will pledge their faith that the privilege, if granted by your com- 
pany, will be respected in the strictest sense of honor, and will be used 
only in bringing members to and from the sessions of the commission. 
A report of all tickets issued for each meeting will be forwarded you 
promptly, giving full information and description of tickets. If you 
prefer to grant the favor asked in any other form than the one above 
proposed we will be glad to conform to your wishes in the matter, but 
desire to accomplish a uniform arrangement. 

The next meeting of the commission convenes in this city on the 5th 
of December, proximo, and the committee wish to obtain transportation 
for members to that meeting. 

May we, therefore, ask the favor of an early reply ? 
Very respectfully, your obedient servant. 

For the Committee. 



B. 

ISSUED BY THE UNITED STATES CENTENNIAL COMMISSION, ON ACCOUNT OF THE 

RAILROAD. 

Good for the transportation of Hon. , United States commisioner for 

the State of , from to . Authorized bv 

D. M. BOYD, Jr., 
For Committee on Tariffs and Transportation. 

(A corresponding marginal record form is filled out and left on the hook.) 



United States Centennial Commission, 
Committee on Tariffs and Transportation, 

Philadelphia, 



Sir : The committee appointed to procure transportation for United 
States centennial commissioners to and from Philadelphia desire to 
effect an arrangement with railroad companies that shall apply to all 
future sessions of the commission, and to this end respectfully request 
you to indicate the route or roads over which you prefer to travel. 

If you have passes, or can procure them by personal application, over 
any portion of the route to this city, please state over what roads. 

Requesting the favor of an early reply, I am, very respectfully, your 
bedient servant, 

For the Committee. 



SECTION XVIII VIENNA EXPOSITION. 179" 

I). 

United States Centennial Commission, 
Committee on Tariffs and Transportation, 

Philadelphia, -. 

Sir : 1 inclose passes for such portions of your route to Philadelphia 
as I have been able at this date to provide. It is hoped that satisfac- 
tory arrangements will ultimately be effected with all railway-lines for 
the transportation of commissioners. Any additional tickets that I can 
arrange for will be sent you, if there should be sufficient time to do so. 
Return-tickets will be issued to such commissioners as attend the 
meetings, at the rooms of the commission in this city. 
Very respectfully, your obedient servant, 



For the Committee. 

Mr. McNeill, of Missouri, offered the following, to wit : 
Resolved, That the committee on tariffs and transportation are hereby 
instructed to correspond with the railroad corporations of the country, 
with the view of inducing them to set a fixed value on the full-paid 
stock of the Centennial Board of Finance, at which rate they will be con- 
tent to receive it, either in whole or in part, for fares to and from the 
exhibition during its continuance in 1876. And that they report their 
action to this commission at its meeting next May. 



SECTION 18. 
VIENNA EXPOSITION OF 1873. 



May 23, 1872. 



Mr. Marshal, of New York, laid before the commission the official 
plans and specifications of the Austrian government in regard to the 
Viena exposition in 1873, which had been forwarded to the commission 
by the government of Austria, through the exertions of Hon. John 
Jay, United States minister to the Court of Vienna, and moved that 
the thanks of the commission be tendered to Mr. Jay for his courtesy 
in securing the same. Which was unanimously agreed to. 

May 25, 1&72. 

Mr. Campbell, of Indiana, from the committee on foreign affairs? 
submitted the following report : 

The committee on foreign affairs recommend, in reference to the com- 
munication of Hon. J. Jay, of the United States, at the Court of Vienna, 
on the subject of a commission or representation of this country for the 
universal exposition of 1873, at Vienna, that the president of this 
commission send the names of three members of the commission to the 
President of the United States, asking their appointment as commis- 
sioners to the exposition of 1873, under the resolution adopted by Con- 
gress in reference to the same. Which was read and adopted. 

December 4, 1872. 
The executive committee reported as follows : 

Your committee have also had some correspondence concerning the 
proposed Vienna universal exposition, and have signified to General 



180 REPORT OF THE U. S. CENTENNIAL COMMISSION. 

Van Bur en, United States commissioner to Vienna, their desire to pro- 
mote the success of the undertaking by inducing co-operation on the 
part of the United States. 

It is respectfully suggested that the commission shall ask Congress 
to take such action as will insure a representation of the industries of 
the United States at the Vienna exposition. 

December 4, 1872. 
The executive commissioner reported as follows : 

VIENNA EXHIBITION. 

The interest generally felt by this commission in the progress of the 
Vienna exhibition led to the adoption by the executive committee of 
the following resolution and instructions : 

Resolved, That the executive commissioner be instructed to inform 
the imperial Austrian commission of the deep interest with which the 
United States Commission regards the preparations making for the 
Vienna universal exhibition of 1873, and of the desire of this commis- 
sion to co-operate in every way within its power to arouse the attention 
of the people and promote the success of an undertaking so ably inau- 
gurated. 

Resolved, That a copy of the letter be forwarded to Mr. Hornbostel 
and to General Van Buren, the commissioner for the United States to 
Vienna. 

At the same time the annexed correspondence was referred to me: 

Amalien Strasse, 3, Vienna, August 7, 1872. 

Sir : I take the liberty of sending you the inclosed copy of a letter 
which I have addressed to Mr. Fish, our Secretary of State, in relation 
to the international exhibition of Vienna in 1873, and beg to inform 
you that I have also forwarded to you the programmes and regulations 
for the occasion printed in English. 

The participation by European nations in our great world's fair of 
1876 will, no doubt, depend a good deal upon what we are doing 
toward this Vienna undertaking, and I trust that my communications 
will be agreeable to you. 

Permit me, at the same time, to express the hope that you, sir, as 
chairman of the committee for the centennial anniversary, to be held 
in Philadelphia, may feel sufficient interest in the matter to lend your 
valuable influence in favor of any proceeding that may be decided upon 
in anticipation of a more liberal action by Congress in December next. 

Another copy of my letter to the Secretary of State has been sent by 
Mr. Jay, our representative at the Imperial Court of Vienna, to Mr. 
Van Buren, our commissioner for the Vienna exhibition. 

I have the honor to be, sir, with great respect, your obedient servant, 

HENRY HORNBOSTEL. 

Hon. Governor Hawley, 

Chairman of Committee u Centennial Anniversary 
of the Declaration of Independence, v Hartford, Connecticut. 

In accordance with these instructions, I addressed a communication 
to his excellency the Baron William De Schwarz Senborn, as follows : 



SECTION XVIII — VIENNA EXPOSITION. 181 

INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION, PHILADELPHIA, 1870. 

Office of the United States Centennial Commission, 

Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, September 1, 1872. 

Sir : I am directed by the executive committee of the United States 
Centennial Commission to inform the imperial Austrian commission of 
the lively interest with which it regards the preparations for the great 
exhibition in Vienna, in the year 1873, and to state that it is the desire 
of the commissioners to further the objects of the imperial Austrian 
commission in any way within their power. 

The personal and combined influence of the commissioners will be ex- 
erted to make the importance and the extent of the Vienna exhibition 
known to the people of the United States, and to arouse their interest 
in it, so as to secure, as far as may be at this late date, a representation 
of the products ami the manufactures of the country in the space allot- 
ted to it. 

It will be my agreeable duty, on behalf of the commission, to co-oper- 
ate with Gen. Thomas B. Van Buren, the commissioner on the part of 
the United States, recently appointed by the President in the further- 
ance of these desired ends. 

The Centennial Commission is formed of representatives from each 
State and Territory, appointed by the President of the United States, for 
the purpose of organizing and superintending a great international and 
industrial exhibition in the city of Philadelphia, in the year 1876, this 
being the one hundredth anniversary of the Independence of the United 
States. 

A list of the members of the executive committee is appended, and a 
complete list of the officers aud members of the commission is for- 
warded by book-post for your information. 

I have the honor to be, very respectfully, your obedient servant, 

WM. P. BLAKE, 
Executive Commissioner of the U. S. Centennial Commission. 

Members of the executive committee. — Daniel J. Morrell, (Chairman,) 
Pennsylvania; John V. L. Pruyn, New York; George H. Corliss, Khode 
Island ; W. Prescott Smith, Maryland ; John Lynch, Louisiana ; John 
G. Stevens, New Jersey ; Walter W. Wood, Virginia. 

His Excellency, The Baron William de Schwarz Senborn, 

Chief manager of the Universal Exhibition in Vienna, 1873^ &c, &c. 

A reply from the general manager was received, and is as follows : 
42 Prater Strasse, 11, Vienna, October 7, 1S72. 

Sir : I have the honor to acknowledge the receipt of your letter of 
the 27th ultimo, and am exceedingly gratified to observe that the United 
States Centennial Commission for the international exhibition of Phil- 
adelphia in 187G regards our great universal exhibition of 1873, in 
Vienna, with a lively interest, and I beg you will have the goodness to 
oifer to your commission my best thanks for the very agreeable expres- 
sions of their good intentions to exert their individual and collective 
influences in making known the importance aud extent of our exhibi- 
tion to the inhabitants of your great country. 

I observe also with pleasure that you will place yourself, on behalf 
of your commission, in direct communication with the Hon. General 
Thomas B. Van Buren, chief commissioner of the United States, with the 
view of furthering the purposes of our exhibition. 



182 REPORT OF THE U. S. CENTENNIAL COMMISSION. 

In order to aid you in this, I send you to-day, per book-post, six com- 
plete sets of our programmes published to this date, and I send also to 
each member of your committee a complete set of programmes, accord- 
ing to the list of members you kindly sent to me, and for which I beg 
you will accept my thanks. 

I note that you propose to hold an international exhibition in 1876, 
and I wish you all success in such an undertaking. 

Hoping to have the pleasure of seeing you and ail the members of 
your committee here next year, 

I have the honor to be, sir, your obedient servant, 

SCHWAKZ SENBOBN. 

The receipt of the programmes has been suitably acknowledged, and 
a copy of them has been laid aside for the library of the commission. 

A copy of my communication was forwarded to Mr. Hornbostel, and 
I also informed General Yan Buren of the nature of the correspondence, 
and offered to co-operate with him in any way within my power in se- 
curing a just representation of the products of this country at the 
Yienna exhibition. 

The correspondence with General Yan Buren is herewith submited : 

Septembers, 1872. 
General Thomas B. Yan Buren, 

United States Commissioner for the Yienna Exhibition, <&c. 
Sir : The United States Centennial Commission regards with much 
interest the preparations making for the great exhibition in Yienna, 
and desires to co-operate in any way within its power to make the 
United States section a success. 

I inclose a copy of a letter which, by direction of the executive com- 
mittee, has been addressed to the imperial Austrian commission. 
I have the honor to be, very respectfully, &c, 



In September last I received, from General Yan Buren, a communi- 
cation inviting me to attend a meeting, in New York, for the purpose of 
devising means of promoting the objects of the exhibition. 

The communication is as follows : 

Office of United States Commissioner to 

International Exposition at Yienna, Austria, in 1873, 
51 Chambers street, JSFew York, September 27, 1872. 

Dear Sir : In the exhibition to be opened at Yienna, Austria, on the 
1st of next May, it is hoped and expected that the American department 
may be creditably represented. To this end I am exceedingly desirous 
of securing, as far as may be, the advice and assistance of a committee 
of gentlemen on whose imi>artial and enlightened judgment I can rely 
to discriminate and decide upon the proper articles of American pro- 
duction to be accepted for exhibition, and in general to assist me in the 
great work of preparation. I remember that this course was adopted in 
preparing for the universal exposition at Paris in 1867, and that the 
invitation of the United States agent, in this city, was nobly responded* 
to, to the very great advantage of the agent, the exhibitor, and the 
country. 

Hoping to meet with a like response now, and fully imbued as I am 
with the value of the forthcoming exhibition, and the importance of our 
being properly represented there, I have the honor to request that you 
will meet a number of other well-known citizens at the Union League 



SECTION XVIII VIENNA EXPOSITION. 183 

Club, on the 4th of October, at 8 o'clock in the evening, to take the 
proper steps to form an advisory committee for the purposes I have in- 
dicated. ****** 

U. S. ADVISORY COMMITTEES FOR VIENNA EXPOSITION. 

At the meeting, which was held accordingly, advisory committees 
were appointed, consisting of one for each of the twenty-six groups of 
the Austrian classification, and each of the gentlemen named as chair- 
man of those group committees was requested to associate with himself 
a number of persons qualified to co-operate in obtaining a suitable re- 
presentation of that group at the exhibition. Nearly all of these com- 
mittees have been organized and are actively at work. If, as is ex- 
pected, an appropriation is made by Congress to defray the expense of 
a representation in Austria, it is believed that the labors of these com- 
mittees will be attended with important results. Much interest is mani- 
fested throughout the country by gentlemen identified with the cause 
of education, and the promotion of the mechanic arts, in the success 
of the movement intended to secure a just representation of our natural 
products, arts, and manufactures, at the great concourse of the nations 
at Vienna. In New York, the members of the American Institute have 
addressed a memorial on the subject to the Senate and House of Eepre- 
sentatives of the United States ; and as they present very clearly and 
forcibly some of the principal reasons why great industrial exhibitions 
should receive from communities substantial encouragement, and be 
sustained by liberal governmental appropriations, I take the liberty of 
presenting the paper entire : 

THE MEMORIAL OF THE UNDERSIGNED MEMBERS OF THE AMERICAN 
INSTITUTE OF THE CITY OF NEW YORK, RESPECTFULLY SHOWETH : 

That the institute of which your memorialists are members was estab- 
lished more than forty years ago, for the purpose of stimulating and en- 
couraging improvements in the arts of industry, mechanical and agri- 
cultural, in the United States ) that many of your memorialists are 
themselves mechanics, farmers, manufacturers, or engineers, engaged 
personally in industrial pursuits ; that the most effectual means of stim- 
ulating invention, and of making new and useful inventions, and new 
and useful products known to the people, whether consumers or pro- 
ducers, has been proved in the experience of your memorialists to be 
the bringing together of such objects, periodically or occasionally, on 
as large a scale as possible, in systematically arranged exhibitions open 
to the public ; that the benefits resulting from such exhibitions are pro- 
portional to the number of persons participating in them as exhibitors, 
and the still greater number inspecting them as visitors ; and accord- 
ingly, that such exhibitions, when extended to embrace the products of 
the industry of all nations, along with the machines and processes em- 
ployed in the production of those objects, tend powerfully to promote 
the welfare of the whole human race by increasing the productive power 
of every people, and by enlarging the amount annually contributed by 
intelligent industry to the wealth of the world. 

Your memorialists beg leave further to represent that the benefits 
which have resulted to the industry of the United States from the par- 
ticipation of a portion of our citizens in the international industrial 
expositions organized by the governments of France and England with- 
in the past twenty years have been very perceptible, and in their opinion 
would have been much larger, had seasonable and sufficient provision 



184 REPORT OF THE U. S. CENTENNIAL COMMISSION. 

been made by our national legislature to insure the transportation 
across the ocean of objects offered by our producers for exhibition, and 
their proper installation and subsequent protection in the exposition 
buildings. 

And your memorialists represent still further, that preparations are 
known to be now in progress, upon a scale more comprehensive than 
any heretofore attempted, for an international universal exposition of 
the world's industry, to be held during the summer of 1873 in the capi- 
tal of the Austrian Empire, to which the inventors and the producers of 
all the world are invited to forward their contributions, and in aid of 
which the governments of most civilized nations have already made 
considerable appropriations ; but which has not yet received from the 
Congress of the United States the attention which its importance de- 
mands. In the. judgment of your memorialists a failure to secure a 
proper, or at least a respectable, representation of American industry 
in this concourse of the nations, would be a very grave misfortune, yet 
a misfortune which seems now so nearly inevitable that it can only be 
prevented by prompt and favorable action on the part of Congress early 
in the session now about to commence. 

The prayer of your memorialists, therefore, is, that your honorable 
body shall take this eminently important matter into immediate con- 
sideration ; and, with only such unavoidable delay as the observance of 
the necessary forms of legislation may require, shall appropriate such 
sum of money as in their wisdom they may deem sufficient to enable 
the inventors, mechanics, manufacturers, agriculturalists, and producers 
generally, of the United States, to enter the exposition at Vienna on 
terms of equal advantage with those of other nations, and thus to 
secure to the country the substantial and lasting benefits which must 
inevitably follow a participation in that great competition. 

And, as in duty bound, your memorialists will ever pray, &c. 

Further details in regard to the attendance by a committee of this 
commission at the Yienna exposition, have been reported to the ex- 
ecutive committee and to the president of the commission. 

COMMITTEE TO VISIT THE VIENNA EXHIBITION. 

Mr. Matthews, of Illinois, offered the following to wit : 
Resolved, That the president of this commission is hereby authorized 
to appoint a committee to represent the United States Centennial Com- 
mission at the exposition to be held in the city of Vienna in May next, 
the said committee to report to this commission. 
Which having been read, and the question being on the resolution, 
Mr. Groshorn, of Ohio, moved to amend by adding at the end thereof 
the words, " Provided, That it shall be no expense to the commission.' 7 
Which was agreed to. The resolution as amended was agreed to. 

February, 1873. 

The following-named commissioners have already been designated by 
the president of the commission as members of the committee, and it is 
probable that other names will be added before the date of the open- 
ing. 

Mr. Morrell, of Pennsylvania ; Mr. McNeil, of Missouri ; Mr. Swee- 
ney, of West Virginia ; Mr. Parsons, of Texas ; Mr. Smith, of Georgia ; . 
Mr. Lamborn, of Wyoming; Mr. Prosser, of Tennessee; Mr. Kimball,. 
of Maine; Mr. Matthews, of Illinois; Mr. Campbell, of Indiana; Mr- 
Wood, of Virginia. 



SECTION XIX CINCINNATI EXHIBITION. 185 

l'ROM THE REPORT OF THE EXECUTIVE COMMISSIONER, JANUARY 21, 1872. 

THE VIENNA EXHIBITION. 

You have already signified, in various ways, your appreciation of the 
importance of the approaching great international exhibition at Vienna, 
in its bearings upon the public sentiment of Europe in respect of our 
own enterprise in 1876. I am more and more impressed with this im- 
portance, and feel sure that the depressing effects of a meager exhibi- 
tion there on the part of this country will not be confined to Austria 
alone, but will extend to all the nations that participate, and that it 
will react most unfavorably upon us. There is too much reason to 
fear that, however great our exertions may be toward securing a proper 
representation, it will fall far short of what it should be to comport with 
the resources, wealth, and intelligence of the country. 

The appointment of a committee at the last meeting to visit the ex- 
hibition manifests an appreciation of its importance. I trust that the 
members of the committee will be especially charged with the duty of 
examining and reporting upon each of the different groups. In any 
case we should not lose the opportunity now presented to us to study 
this great undertaking in all its departments of finance, organization, 
construction, arrangement, classification, and general direction, in order 
that we may make a timely use and application of the valuable knowl- 
edge and experience which can be gained there. 

The present also is the very best, and, indeed, the most opportune 
time to make such investigations. It is while the last stages of the 
work are progressing that the most can be learned, particularly in re- 
spect of the defects or excellences of the interior construction, arrange- 
ment, and installation of the goods. 



SECTION 19. 
CINCINNATI EXHIBITION. 



May 24, 1872. 



A communication was received from Hon. A. T. Goshorn, of Ohio, 
president of board of commissioners of the Cincinnati industrial expo- 
sition, inviting the commission to officially attend the exposition to be 
held at Cincinnati, in September and October of 1872. 

On motion the invitation was accepted, and the Chair authorized to 
appoint a committee of nine to represent the commission at said ex- 
position. 

December 10. 

Mr. Birney, from the special committee to visit the exposition at 
Cincinnati last June, made a verbal report, that the exhibition was a 
great success, and that much valuable information was obtained by the 
committeee by their visit. The report was accepted. 



SECTION 20. 
HISTORICAL— MEMOIRS, &c, PROPOSED. 

May 23, 1872. 
Mr. Albertson, of North Carolina, offered the following, to wit: 
Resolved, That a committee be raised to organize the historical de- 



186 REPORT OF THE U. S. CENTENNIAL COMMISSION. 

parment of the centennial anniversary and report at the next meeting. 

Which was read, and on motion of Mr. Albertson, of North Carolina, 

laid on the table. 
Mr. Coldwellj of Tennessee, offered the following, to wit : 
Resolved, That the different bodies of Christians in the United States 

of America be, and are hereby, requested to furnish to the secretary of 

this body, on or before day of — , 1876, the following 

statistics, to wit : 

1. When their body, as a distinct branch of the Church of God, was 
organized, and in what nationality. 

2. If organized before the fourth day of July, 1776, the number of 
the members at that time, the number and value of their churches and 
parsonages, and the number and grade of schools under their j urisdic- 
tion. 

3. All the different bodies of Christians will state the number of com- 
municants on the first day of , 1876, the number of ministers, the 

number of Sunday-schools, scholars, officers, teachers, and libraries, and 
their value ; the number and value of their churches and parsonages ; 
the number, grade, and value of their schools, and number and value of 
their libraries ; the amount of salaries annually paid the ministers of 
their respective churches ; also, the amount of money raised in 1875 for 
mission purposes, home and foreign; the number employed in their re- 
spective missions, and their location ; and all such other and further 
statistics as will show the growth and increase of the church during 
the century that is now passing, since the signing of the Declaration of 
American Independence, on the 4th of July, 1776, in this hall. 

Which having been read, 

Mr. Byrd, of Alabama, moved that the resolution be laid on the table. 
Which was not agreed to. 

Mr. Byrd, of Alabama, moved that the resolution be referred to the 
committe on legislation. Which was agreed to. 

December 5, 1872. 

Mr. Campbell, of Indiana, submitted a communication from Hon. 
John B. Dillon, of Indianapolis, relative to the publication of a great 
national work to bear the title of "Annals of the First Century of the 
Government of the United States of America/ 7 and suggesting a plan 
for conducting the enterprise. Which having been read, 

Mr. Campbell, of Indiana, moved that the communication be filed, 
and referred to the appropriate committee when appointed. Which was 
agreed to. 

December 4, 1872. 
The executive commissioner reported respecting 

MEMORIAL VOLUMES. 

Among other communications referred to me were two relating to the 
preparation of memorial volumes, viz : One from Mr. James Boss Snow- 
den, corresponding secretary of the Historical Society of Pennsylvania, 
and (at the subsequent meeting of the executive committee) one from 
Colonel Frank Etting. A copy of the last communication, and of my 
reply thereto, are herewith submitted. 

I have since had the pleasure of conferring with both of the gentle- 
men, and particularly with Colonel Frank Etting, who, in connection 
with the proper officials, has been charged by the city of Philadelphia 






SECTION XX HISTORICAL MEMOIRS. 187 

with the important and responsible duty of effecting, as far as possible, 
a restoration of Independence Hall to its original condition at the time 
of the signing of the Declaration of Independence. Colonel Etting has 
accumulated a vast amount of valuable original information upon the 
facts regarding the signing of the original parchment copy of the Dec- 
laration, now preserved in the Patent-Office at Washington, and I com- 
mend his proposition to the favorable consideration of the commission. 

Philadelphia, June 7, 1872. 

Gentlemen : I desire to invite the attention of the executive com- 
mittee of the Centennial Commission to a subject which appears to me 
germane to the grand purpose in view : the publication of a National 
Centenary 2IcmorUrf, to Contain the complete and authentic record of the 
event about being celebrated, with notes, illustrative and explanatory, 
and printed in a style that may distinctively mark the progress made 
in the United States in type, paper, and education during the past hun- 
dred years. 

Such a work, essentially national in its scope, should, it seems to me, 
be issued under some national (and no sectional) auspices. 

The general histories have been very deficient in describing the rise of 
the desire for a separation from Great Britain on the part of the people of 
the colonies, and in tracing the record of independence, from the first 
agitation of the resolution therefor, in the middle of May, 1776J to its 
ultimate adoption in July. 

One great living historian has expressed the regret that the personal 
views of the actors in the deliberative assemblies at the time are not 
sufficiently known ; that the very journals of Congress themselves do 
not exhibit the names of those who participated in the debate or even 
voted upon it. 

His forcible complaint on the subject in 1S64 and 1865 induced the 
writer to attempt an investigation into all the facts connected with the 
Declaration of Independence. He has searched the journals of the 
committees of safety, of the conventions, and of the legislative assem- 
blies of the various colonies, traced their local action, procured copies 
of the "instructions" given by these bodies to their delegates in Con- 
gress, collated the correspondence of the period, both in print and all 
that has been accessible to him in manuscript, with a view of determin- 
ing the individual opinions of the authorized delegates, and their action 
both in and out of Congress, and has ascertained, in almost every in- 
stance, the names of the members of Congress actually present from 
June 7, 1776, when the resolution was first moved in the " Continental 
Congress," to July 4 of that year, when the " Declaration " itself was 
finally adopted and ordered to be engrossed for signature. 

Investigation has been extended further into the actual signing of the 
parchment copy, the American Magna Charta, preserved in the Patent - 
Office in Washington, which was not completed till November. 

The absolute fac-similes of Mr. Lee's resolution for independence, of 
Mr. Jefferson's draught of the Declaration, pursuant thereto, with its 
interlineations, and of the completed copy, engrossed and signed, 
should accompany the volume. 

An authenticated record, such as is here foreshadowed, marking the 
limits of the gestation (so to speak) of the nation, justifies the selection 
of the period for its one hundredth anniversary. It would preserve in 
an unexceptionable shape the salient facts of the event we are about to 
celebrate, aad form, it seems to me, an appropriate introductory memoir 
for the annals and reports of the Centennial Commission itself. 



188 REPORT OF THE U. S. CENTENNIAL COMMISSION. 

I am, gentlemen, with the hearty desire for the success of your under- 
taking, 

Most respectfully, your obedient servant, 

FRANK M. ETTING. 



SECTION 21. 
LATE WILLIAM PRESCOTT SMITH, COMMISSIONER FROM MARYLAND. 

December 4, 1872. 

The executive committee reported : 

It is the painful duty of the committee to advert to the death of one 
of its members, the Hon. William Prescott Smith, of Maryland, which 
occurred in the city of Baltimore, on October 1, 1872, after a short 
illness. 

Mr. Smith has had a career of distinguished usefulness, and his loss 
is deeply regretted by the community in which he lived, and for the 
good of which he has labored, and by a host of business associates and 
personal friends. He was born on the 22d day of February, A. D. 1825, 
at Georgetown, District of Columbia, whence he removed at a very 
early age to Baltimore, and has ever since been identified with the best 
interests of that city, and noted as one of its most active and progress- 
ive citizens. He was a member of the original board of managers of 
the Maryland Institute, and did much to promote its usefulness. In 
early life he was a successful journalist, and he maintained his interest 
in art and literature during an active business career. His home was 
rendered attractive by taste and culture, and was distinguished by 
refined and liberal hospitality. 

In 1850 he entered the service of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad 
Company, being promoted speedily to the responsible and laborious 
office of master of transportation, in which he displayed remarkable 
executive ability. His successful management of the transportation of 
troops during the war brought him into intimate relations with Presi- 
dent Lincoln and Mr. Stanton, the Secretary of War, and won for him 
their personal esteem. In 1866 he resigned his position in the trans- 
portation department of the Baltimore and Ohio Bailroad Company, 
and was subsequently employed during several years as commissioner 
to examine the Pacific Railroad, and as collector of internal revenue. 
He also made a tour of Europe for the benefit of his health. 

In 1866 he was appointed general manager of the New York and 
Washington Air-Line Bailroad, and a short time before his death was 
recalled to the service of the Baltimore and Ohio Bailroad Company, 
and was made general manager of its entire business. 

As a member of the Centennial Commission, Mr. Smith has manifested 
patriotic zeal and intelligent comprehension of the work, and his death 
at this time may be regarded as a national loss. His executive ability 
and large business experience would have been of great service to the 
commission, and his disinterested zeal in every good cause, and known 
purity of character, constituted a moral power of the utmost value in 
eliciting popular confidence and co-operation. 

While Mr. Smith had a clear perception of the obstacles which may 
impede the commission in its work, and was never unduly confident 
of its ability to accomplish adequate results, he was himself ready for 
any labor and capable of any sacrifice in the cause. 



SECTION XXI LATE WILLIAM PRESCOTT SMITH. 189 

Mr. Smith's associates in the commission, who have been impressed 
with his lovable qualities as a man, are not surprised by the universal 
and spontaneous regrets manifested by the press and people of the city 
of Baltimore, and it is recommended that the commission shall officially 
signify to the governor and people of the State of Maryland, and to 
his bereaved family, its appreciation of his worth, and sorrow for his 
premature loss. 

Respectfullv submitted. 

D. J. MORRELL, 
Chairman Executive Committee. 

December 4, 1S72. 

Mr. Lowry, of Iowa, offered the following, to wit : 

Resolved, That a committee of three he appointed by the chair to 
prepare and report appropriate resolutions on the death of Hon. Wil- 
liam Prescott Smith, a member of this commission from the State of 
Maryland. 

Which was read, and unanimously adopted. 

The president appointed, as the committee, under the resolution, 
Messrs. Robert Lowry, of Iowa, John L. Campbell, of Indiana, and 
Richard C. McCormick, of Arizona. 

December 7, 1872. 
Mr. McCormick, of Arizona, (at the request of Mr. Lowry, of Iowa, 
the chairman,) submitted a report from the special committee appointed 
to report appropriate resolutions of respect to the memory of Hon. 
William Prescott Smith, deceased, to wit: 

Philadelphia, December 7, 1872. 
To the United States Centennial Commission : 

Gentlemen : The special committee who were directed by resolution 
of the commission, adopted on the 4th instant, to prepare and report 
resolutions of respect to the memory of Hon. William Prescott Smith, 
deceased, beg leave to report for your consideration and adoption the 
subjoined resolutions, to wit : 

Resolved, That the members of the United States Centennial Com- 
mission deplore the death of Hon. William Prescott Smith, commis- 
sioner from the State of Maryland, and record their high appreciation 
of his elevated personal character, his integrity, energy, and success as 
a business man, his intelligent public spirit, his cultivated tastes in art, 
literature, and science, his admirable social qualities, and the patriotic 
zeal with which he entered into the purposes and labors of the Centen- 
nial Commission, and which marked his action in all movements for the 
national credit and dignity. 

Resolved, That a copy of this resolution be sent to the governor of 
the State of Maryland and to the family of Mr. Smith, and entered 
upon the journal of the commission. 

Respectfully submitted. 

ROBERT LOWRY. 

richard c. Mccormick. 

JOHN L. CAMPBELL. 

Which having been read, and the question being on the first resolu- 
tion, 

Addresses were made by Messrs. Morrell, of Pennsylvania, Pruyn, of 
Xew York, and Earle, of Maryland, paying brief tributes of respect to 



190 REP< 

the high character, the estimable social qualities, and the great industry 
and ability of the deceased. 

The first resolution was then unanimously adopted. The second reso- 
lution was unanimously adopted. 



SECTION 22. 

INTERNATIONAL STATISTICAL CONGRESS— PROPOSED SESSION OF, IN THE 

UNITED STATES IN 1876. 

May 23, 1872. 

The president submitted a communication from Edward Young r 
United States delegate to the eighth session of the International Statis- 
tical Congress at St. Petersburg, suggesting that an invitation be ex- 
tended by the United States Centennial Commission to that body to hold 
their tenth session at Philadelphia in 1876 ; which having been read, 

Mr. Morrell, of Pennsylvania, moved that the communication be re- 
ferred to the committee on foreign affairs, with instructions to report a 
resolution for the action of this commission in accordance with the sug- 
gestion of Mr. Young ; which was agreed to. 

December, 4, 1872. 
Executive commissioner reported : 

On June 13 a communication was received from Edward Young, esq... 
United States official delegate to the International Statistical Congress,, 
at St. Petersburg, as follows : 

Treasury Department, 
Bureau of Statistics, June 13, 1872. 
Dear Sir : I notice in the papers that my former letter to you, sug- 
gesting to the International Statistical Congress to meet in the United. 
States, in 1876, was referred to the finance committee of the Centennial 
Commission, with instructions to extend such an invitation at the period 
named. I write to say that I leave New York on the 15th instant, and, 
as the invitation has not yet reached me, and as I am ignorant of the 
chairman of the committee indicated, I will regard it as a favor if you 
will cause the formal invitation to be addressed to me, care of the United 
States legation, either at London or St. Petersburg. 
Verv respectfully, 

EDWARD YOUNG, 
United States official delegate to the 
International Statistical Congress at St. Petersburg. 

Hon. Joseph E. Hawley, 

President of the Centennial Commission, Hartford, Connecticut. 

I immediately addressed a letter upon the subject to the chairman of 
the committee on foreign affairs, and received from him a reply, which 
I transmitted to Mr. Young with an accompanying note. I have recently 
received from Mr. Young the following communication upon the subject: 

Treasury Department, 
Bureau of Statistics, December 3, 1872. 
Dear Sir : A press of business consequent upon the opening of Con- 
gress has prevented me from acknowledging yours of 27th ultimo. I 
received, when in St. Petersburg, your letter and the accompanying 



SECTION XXIII SOCIETY OF CINCINNATI. 191 

communication of the executive committee of the United States Centen- 
nial Commission, extending an invitation to the International Statistical 
Congress to hold its next session in Philadelphia in 187G. 

Myself and colleagues held several conferences on the subject, con- 
sulting with our charge d'affaires, (Mr. Schuyler,) also Mr. Gorham, 
United States minister at the Hague, who was also in St. Petersburg. 
There was a desire on the part of many of the delegates to hold the 
next congress in the United States, but all previous invitations had 
been extended by the respective governments, and it was doubted 
whether any other would be accepted ; indeed, we were privately ad- 
vised that it would not be. Not being authorized by the Government 
to extend an official invitation, and failing to obtain a reply to our re- 
quest by cable, we concluded, when presenting your invitation, to follow 
it with such remarks as seemed necessary and proper. On the last day 
of the session (August 30) I asked the president to recognize me when 
the question of the next place of meeting of the congress should be con- 
sidered. After a delegate from Pesth had submitted an invitation from 
the Hungarian government, which he supplemented by an earnest argu- 
ment, I was called to the tribune, and after reading the official invita- 
tion of the committee and your letter, I explained the absence of an 
invitation from the Government by stating that Congress was not in 
session when I left Washington, but would, no doubt, on re-assembling, 
extend a most cordial invitation. But on behalf not only of the Centen- 
nial Commission, but of the merchants, manufacturers, literary and sci- 
entific men of our great cities and of the whole country, I extended an 
earnest invitation to the members of the congress to visit our country, 
where they would receive a generous welcome. I spoke at some length 
and was loudly applauded. Mr. Derby, of Boston, and Mr. Gorham, 
United States minister, resident at the Hague, followed me. 

December 10, 1872. 

Mr. Campbell, of Indiana, from the committee on foreign affairs, 
submitted the following report, to wit : 

The committee on foreign affairs respectfully report : 

In accordance with the direction of the commission in May, the com- 
mittee on foreign affairs addressed an invitation to Hon. Edward Young, 
United States delegate to the eighth session of the International Statis- 
tical Congress at St. Petersburg, to hold its tenth session at Philadel- 
phia in 1876. 

The committee have received no direct reply to their communication 
to Mr. Young ; and, since the same subject has been formally presented 
to Congress by the President of the United States, the committee ask 
to be relieved from its further consideration. 



SECTION 23. 

".SOCIETY OF CINCINNATI." 

December 4, 1872. 
The executive committee reported that at their meeting on August 29, 
1872, that a letter was received from Thomas McEwen, secretary of the 
Society of Cincinnati, stating that the president-general of that society, 
and presidents of several State societies, had been appointed a com- 
mittee to confer with the national committee of arrangements for the 



192 REPORT OF THE U. S. CENTENNIAL COMMISSION. 

centennial celebration, to which a reply was made that the cominssion 
would avail itself of the offer, and would communicate with the com- 
mittee of the Cincinnati in due season. 



SECTION 24. 
CO-OPERATIVE COLONIZATION. 

December 4, 1872. 

Executive commissioner reported : 

A a communication from General E. A. Cameron, vice-president 
of the Colorado Springs Colony, Colorado, upon the subject of co- 
operative colonization in the United States, was also received by 
me from the executive committee. This letter contains a proposition 
to report to the commission "a statement of the history, progress, 
and success of co-operative colonization in the United States, as 
illustrated by the Greeley, Colorado Springs, and other similar enter- 
prises, which are now being followed by hundreds of similar organiza- 
tions, and which form an important part of American progress during 
the nation's life in the first centenary, which we are now about to cele- 
brate." . 

In accordance with my instructions, General Cameron was informed 
that the commission would be very glad to receive such statistics or 
information in a printed form. It will be observed that the classifica- 
tion we have adopted provides for and invites statistical information 
of this nature, and indeed upon all departments of industrial and social 
life. 



SECTION 25. 

MINING— INFORMATION CONCERNING. 

May 24, 1872. 
Mr. McCoy, of Nevada, offered the following resolution : 
Resolved, That a committee consisting of seven members, composed 
of commissioners or alternates, from the mining States and Territories 
of this Union, be appointed by the president of this body, whose duty 
it shall be to receive and impart such information as will enable those 
engaged in mining and the reduction of ores to avail themselves of all 
the information resulting from the intercourse with those engaged in 
similar pursuits from other countries, at the approaching industrial 
exposition. 
Which was read and adopted. 



SECTION 26. 

COINS OF UNITED STATES— MEMORIAL INSCRIPTION ON, RELATING TO 

centennial exhibition. 

December 5, 1872. 
Mr. Gobright, of the District of Columbia, offered the following, to 
wit: 



SECS. XXVI, XXVII, AND XXVIII— COINS, ETC. 193 

Resolved, That the committee on legislation be, and they are hereby, 
instructed to inquire into the expediency of suggesting to the proper 
authorities that on or before the fourth day of July, 1S7G, the coins of 
the United States shall bear such devices and inscriptions as will recog- 
nize the great event then to be commemorated. 

And the same having been read, moved that the resolution be referred 
to the committee on legislation. The subject was discussed by Messrs. 
Towel, of Rhode Island; Morrell, of Pennsylvania; and Gobright, of 
the District of Columbia, and thereupon the motion to refer the resolu- 
tion to the committee on legislation was agreed to. 

Mr. Powel, of Khode Island, moved that the vote by which the resolu- 
tion relative to procuring legislation so that the coins of the United 
States shall bear inscriptions and devices recognizing the centennial 
anniversary, was referred to the committee on legislation, be reconsid- 
ered : which was agreed to. 

The question then again being upon the motion to refer the resolution 
to the committee on legislation, the subject was discussed by Messrs. 
Powel, of Rhode Island; Morrell, of Pennsylvania, and Gobright, of the 
District of Columbia, and thereupon the motion to refer the resolution 
to the committee on legislation was agreed to. 



SECTION 27. 

THANKS OF THE COMMISSION TO THE PRESS OF THE CITY OF PHILA- 
DELPHIA. 

December 11, 1872. 

Mr. Donaldson, of Idaho, offered the following: 

Resolved, That the thanks of this commission be presented to the 
press of Philadelphia for their expressions of regard towards the indivi- 
dual members of this body, and for their earnest support of the measures 
recommended by the commission. 

Which was read and adopted. 

TRIUMPHAL ARCH. 

December 11, 1872. 
The President submitted a communication from Henry Van Ben- 
thusen, Chester, Pennsylvania, proposing to erect on the public grounds 
of Philadelphia a "permanent, grand, and beautiful triumphal arch in 
honor of the centennial anniversary. " Which was read, and referred 
to the executive committee. 



SECTIOX 28. 
MUSIC AS A PART OF THE CELEBRATION. 

December 5, 1872. 
Tne president submitted a communication from the Msennerchor 
Vocal Society of Philadelphia, relative to a musical celebration in con- 
nection with the centennial international exhibition. 

Also, a communication from the Handel and Ilayden Society relative 
H. Mis. W 13 



194 REPORT OF THE U. S. CENTENNIAL COMMISSION. 

to the same subject. Which were severally read, and referred to the 
committee on opening ceremonies. 

December 4, 1872. 

Executive commissioner reported : 

Several communications upon music as a part of the national celebra- 
tion have been received. One or more of these will be laid before the 
commission during the session. One, which has been referred to me, 
and to which I have replied, proposes to bring electricity to our aid in 
operating simultaneously upon a great number of instruments. The 
proposition emanates* from Dr. G. P. Hachenberg, " President of the 
Musical Telegraphy Company," Eochester, New York, who states that 
several eminent electricians speak favorably of the practicability of the 
invention. There is no doubt that very extraordinary results may be 
attained by the application of electro-magnetism to musical instruments, 
and 1 believe the subject to be worthy of the attention of the commission. 
Some extracts from the explanatory circular inclosed with the com- 
munication are annexed : 

" In bringing electro music before the public, our first step will be to 
construct ten ' electrical attachments ' for ten pianos. With these instru- 
ments we will be able to give the highest order of musical entertain- 
ments. 

" Let us examine, in a few words, the character and wonderful power 
of these ten instruments : 

u 1st. They are controlled by one or more performers, or automatically 
by one or more ' niusicometers.' 

u 2d. All the instruments are in perfect harmony, and will play as one 
instrument. 

"3d. To each instrument, by sound reflectors and ' electrical dampers,' 
can be given an expression of its own, affording us music as if emanating 
from so many different instruments. 

u 4th. One performer can play simultaneously two sets of instruments, 
the left hand controlling one set and the right hand the other, and, in a 
duet, two players on four sets of instruments. 

" 5th. The electrical connection between the different instruments is 
so effectually under the control of the musician that he can play the 
most rapid pieces of music without taking two successive notes out of 
one instrument. 

" 6. The means of ventriloquizing and echoing music are most effectu* 
ally carried out by this arrangement. 

" 7. The mechanical musical expression of the ordinary piano presents 
four varieties by using, not using, or combining the pedals. Having ten 
instruments, this gives us forty variations. As each of these can be 
modified in ten different ways, we have the means of putting four hun- 
dred different musical expressions into a single note ! 

" 8th. Tremolos can be given to notes, by making rapid successive 
connections of the instruments on each given note. 

" 9th. As a tremolo is produced, so can tunes be played in doublets 
by one fingering, each successive chord being instantly repeated at any 
distance. 

" 10th. The instruments are so arranged that notes reach the ear from 
different points, thus giving fulness and volume to the music. 

" 11th. It will afford the highest style of accompaniment music to the 
human voice, in particular to that of the female." 



:C. XXX CENSUS, APPENDIX I — ACTS OF CONGRESS. 195 

SECTION 29. 

THANKS TO MR. JOHN PICE, PRESIDENT OE THE CONTINENTAL HOTEL 
COMPANY, PHILADELPHIA, AND TO MESSRS. J. E. KINGSLEY & CO., PRO- 
PRIETORS OF THE HOTEL, FOR GRATUITOUS USE OF APARTMENTS 
FOR OFFICES OF COMMISSION, AND OF PARLOR 0, IN WHICH THE 
MEETINGS OF THE COMMISSION HAVE BEEN HELD. 

December 9, 1872. 

Mr. Cleveland, of Xew Jersey, offered the following, to wit : 

Resolved, That the thanks of the United States Centennial Commission 
are hereby presented to Mr. John Eice, president of the Continental 
Hotel Company, for his liberality in granting' to the commission without 
charge the use of the office, 113 South Ninth street, since May last. 

Resolved, That the thanks of the commission are especially due to 
Messrs. J. E. Kiugsley & Co., proprietors of the Continental Hotel, for 
their great kindness in placing parlor C of the hotel at the disposal of this 
body, Without charge, during all their sessions since March 4th last. 

Resolved, That copies of these resolutions be sent to Mr. John Rice, 
president of the Continental Hotel Company, and to Messrs. J. E. Kings- 
ley & Co., proprietors of the hotel. 

The resolutions were severally read and unanimously adopted. 



SECTION .30. 
SPECIAL CENSUS OF THE UNITED STATES IN 1876. 

May 25, 1872. 
Mr. Prosser, of Tennessee, offered the following, to wit : 
AVhereas a celebration of the one-hundredth anniversary of our exist- 
ence as a people, in the year 1876, will be manifestly imperfect and incom- 
plete without a knowledge of the growth of the country, not only in wealth 
and population, but also in social, industrial, educational, scientific, and 
religious progress, and in all the elements of moral, material, and intel- 
lectual advancement : Therefore, 

Be it resolved. That this commission respectfully } T et earnestly petition 
Congress to cause a full and complete census of the United States to be 
taken on the first day of June, 1876, to the end that the object herein set 
forth may be accomplished, and that a full exhibit of the same maybe 
had by this commission for the use of all concerned. Which was read, 
and referred to the committee on legislation. 



APPENDIX 1. 

ACTS OF CONGRESS RELATING TO CENTENNIAL CELEBRATION. 

Copy of act of Congress creating the commission, approved March 3, 1871. 

AN ACT to provide for celebrating the one hundredth anniversary of American In- 
dependence, by holding an international exhibition of arts, manufactures, and pro- 
ducts of the soil and mine, in the city of Philadelphia, and State of Pennsylvania, in 
the year eighteen hundred and seventy-six. 

Whereas the Declaration of Independence of the United States of 
America was prepared, signed, and promulgated in the year seventeen 
hundred and seventy-six, in the city of Philadelphia ; and whereas it 



196 EEPOET OF THE U. S. CENTENNIAL COMMISSION. 

behooves the people of the United States to celebrate, by appropriate 
ceremonies, the centennial anniversary of this memorable and decisive 
event, which constituted the 4th day of July, anno Domini seventeen 
hundred and seventy-six, the birthday of the nation ; and whereas it 
is deemed fitting that the completion of the first century of our national 
existence shall be commemorated by an exhibition of the natural re- 
sources of the country and their development, and of its progress in those 
arts which benefit mankind, in comparison with those of older nations ; 
and whereas no place is so appropriate for such an exhibition as the 
city in which occurred the event it is designed to commemorate; and 
whereas, as the exhibition should be a national celebration, in which 
the people of the whole country should participate, it should have the 
sanction of the Congress of the United States: Therefore, 

Section 1. Be it enacted hy the Senate and Mouse of Representatives of 
the United States of America in Congress assembled, That an exhibition 
of American and foreign arts, products, and manufactures shall be held, 
under the auspices of the Government of the United States, in the city 
of Philadelphia, in the year eighteen hundred and seventy-six. 

Sec. 2. That a commission, to consist of not more than one delegate 
from each State and from each Territory of the United States, whose 
functions shall continue until the close of the exhibition, shall be con- 
stituted, whose duty it shall be to prepare and superintend the execution 
of a plan for holding the exhibition ; and, after the conference with the 
authorities of the city of Philadelphia, to fix upon a suitable site within 
the corporate limits of the said city, where the exhibition shall be held. 

Sec. 3. That said commissioners shall be appointed within one year 
from the passage of this act by the President of the United States, on 
the nomination the governors of the States and Territories respectively. 

Sec. 4. That in the same manner there shall be appointed one com- 
missioner from each State and Territory of the United States, who shall 
assume the place and perform the duties of such commissioner and com- 
missioners as may be unable to attend the meetings of the commission. 

Sec. 5. That the commission shall hold its meetings in the city of 
Philadelphia, and that a majority of its members shall have full power 
to make all needful rules for its government. 

Sec. 6. That the commission shall report to Congress, at the first ses- 
sion after its appointment, a suitable date for opening and for closing 
the exhibition ; a schedule of appropriate ceremonies for opening or 
dedicating the same ; a plan or plans of the building ; a complete plan 
for the reception and classification of articles intended for exhibition ; 
the requisite custom-house regulations for the introduction into this 
country of the articles from foreign countries intended for exhibition ; 
and such other matters as in their judgment may be important. 

Sec. 7. That no compensation for services shall be paid to the com- 
missioners or other officers provided by this act from the Treasury of 
the United States ; and the United States shall not be liable for any 
expenses attending such exhibition, or by reason of the same. 

Sec. 8. That whenever the President shall be informed by the gov- 
ernor of the State of Pennsylvania that provision has been made for 
the erection of suitable buildings for the purpose, and for the exclusive 
control by the commission herein provided for of the proposed exhibi- 
tion, the President shall, through the Department of State, make procla- 
mation of the same, setting forth the time at which the exhibition will 
open and the place at which it will be held; and he shall communicate 
to the diplomatic representatives of all nations copies of the same, to- 
other with such regulations as may be adopted by the commissioners, 
for publication in their respective countries. 






APPENDIX I ACTS OF CONGRESS. 197 

[Not of general nature— No. 73.] 

AN ACT relative to the centennial international exhibition, to be held in the city 
of Philadelphia, State. of Pennsylvania, in the year eighteen hundred and seventy- 
six. 

Whereas Congress did provide by an act entitled "An act to provide 
for celebrating the one hundredth anniversary of American independ- 
ence by holding an international exhibition of arts, manufactures, and 
products of the soil and mine in the city of Philadelphia, and State of 
Pennsylvania, in the year eighteen hundred and seventy-six," approved 
March third, eighteen hundred and seventy-one, for the appointment of 
commissioners to promote and control the exhibition of the national 
resources and their development, and the nation's progress in arts which 
benefit mankind, and to suggest and direct appropriate ceremonies by 
which the people of the United States may commemorate that memor- 
able and decisive event, the Declaration of American Independence by 
the Congress of the United "Colonies assembled in the city of Philadel- 
phia, on the fourth day of July, anno Domini seventeen 'hundred and 
seventy-six ; and whereas such provisions should be made for procur- 
ing the funds requisite for the purposes aforesaid as will enable all the 
people of the United States, who have shared the common blessings 
resulting from national independence, to aid in the preparation and 
conduct of said international exhibition and memorial celebration under 
the direction of the commissioners of the United States: Therefore, 

Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United 
States of America in Congress assembled. That there is hereby created a 
body corporate, to be known by the name of the Centennial Board of 
Finance, and by that name to have an incorporate existence until the 
object for which it is formed shall have been accomplished ; and it shall 
be competent to sue and be sued, plead and be impleaded, defend and 
be defended,' in all courts of law and equity in the United States ; and 
may make and have a corporate seal, and may purchase, take, have, 
and hold, and may grant, sell, and at pleasure dispose of all such real 
and personal estate as may be required in carrying into effect the pro- 
visions of an act of Congress entitled " An act to provide for celebrat- 
ing the one hundredth anniversary of American independence by hold- 
ing an international exhibition of arts and manufactures, and products 
of the soil and mine, in the city of Philadelphia, and State of Pennsyl- 
vania, in the year eighteen hundred and seventy-six," approved March 
third, eighteen hundred and seventy-one, and all acts supplementary 
thereto ; and said Centennial Board of Finance shall consist of the fol- 
lowing-named persons, their associates and successors, from the States 
and Territories as herein set forth : 

ALABAMA.— At large : Robert M. Patton, John W. Darr, William H. 
Barnes, William Miller, Edward W. Pettns, Benjamin S. Turner. First 
district : John Hardy, J. M. Withers. Second district : E. R. Mitchell, 
Robert W. Healy. Third district: Oceola Kyle, Culen A. Battle. 
Fourth district : Joseph H. Speed, G. W. M. Golson. Fifth district: 
William H. Forney, Richard W.Walker. Sixth district: William H. 
Campbell, Charles Gibson. For additional district: Josiah -Morris, E. 
M. Keils. 

Arizona. — Augustus H. Whiting, Charles H. Lord. 

Arkansas.— At large : A. P. Bishop, James Torrcns, D. C, Casey, 
George R. Weeks. First district: John T. Jones, William R. Miller. 
Second district: Henry B. Morse, James W.Mason. Third district: 



198 REPORT OF THE IT. S. CENTENNIAL COMMISSION. 

Irving W. Fuller, Samuel W. William's. For additional district: H. A. 
Millen, Joseph Stanley. 

California. — At large : A. S. Hallidie, Thomas H. Selby, George 
Oulton, Nathan Coombs. First district : William C. Balston, Milton S. 
Latham. Second district: Leland Stanford, Edgar Mills. Third dis- 
trict: *L. B. Mizner, John J. De Haven. For additional district : John 
G. Downey, T. Ellarcl Beans. 

Colorado. — D. H. Moffat, junior, George W. Chilcott. 

Connecticut. — At large: James G. Patterson, Benjamin Douglas, 
John F. Slater, Orrin Benedict, Eli Whitney. First district : Ward 
Cheney, George Maxwell. Second district : Charles Parker, Charles 
Atwater. Third district : John Tracy, Henry P. Haven. Fourth dis- 
trict : Nathaniel Wheeler, E. Grove Lawrence. 

Dakota. — M. K. Armstrong, John A. Burbank. 

Delaware. — Henry G. Banning, Nathaniel Williams, Joseph P. Com- 
egys, William Townsend, J. Turpin Moore, William D. Waples. 

District of Columbia. — Henry D. Cooke, Alexander E. Shepherd. 

Florida. — At large: John J. Phi'lbrick, J.W. Maynard, M. L. Stearns. 
Philip Walter, L. G. Dennis, E. M. Cheney. FirsUlistrict : F. C. Hum- 
phrey, S. Con ant. 

Georgia. — At large: George S. Owen, B. C. Yancy, K. M. Stiles, J. 
O. Waddell. First district: P. M. Nigktingal, William J. Young. Sec- 
ond district : D. B. Harrell, E. G. Baiford. Third district : H. H. Carey, 
Samuel Hunt. Fourth district : James C. Freeman, L. N. Whittle. 
Fifth district: H. B. Casey, Pope Barrow. Sixth district: J. H. Nichols, 
J. B. Charlton. Seventh district : Thomas C. Howard, J. B. Towers. 
Eighth district : James Johnson, Alexander G. Murray. Ninth district: 
C. D. McCutchen, Joseph H. Wilkins. 

Idaho. — E. A. Stevenson, James H. Slater. 

Illinois. — At large : A. C. Babcock, James H. Bowen, John M. Key- 
nolds, J. M. Gregory. First district: Thomas B. Bryan, George W. 
Gage. Second district: Henry Greenbaum, B. T. Crane. Third dis- 
trict : Ezra B. McCagg, Clark W. Upton. Fourth district : William H. 
Hawkins, M. L. Josylin. Fifth district : John H. Addams, George M. 
Hunt. Sixth district ; W. H. Van Epps, E. D. Sweeney. Seventh dis- 
trict: E. L. Waterman, James C. Kercheval. Eighth district: New- 
berry L. Fort, James W. Strevell. Ninth district : Horace G. Ander- 
son, Boothe Nettletou. Tenth District: George W. Hall, James H. 
Beed. Eleventh district: James W. Singleton, J. M. Bush. Twelfth 
district : David A. Brown, John Picks. Thirteenth district : George 
W. Funk, A. B. Nicholson. Fourteenth district : W. H. Barnes, David 
Bailey. Fifteenth district : James Steele, S. W. Moultou. Sixteenth 
district : Aaron H. H. Bonn tree, Charles Hoiies. Seventeen th district: 
Ernst Wider, John Irwin. Eighteenth district : George W. Wall, 
Daniel W. Muim. Nineteenth district : John Landrigan, Thomas G. 
Bid g way. 

Indiana. — At large : Franklin Keyes, William J. Ball, Edwin J. 
Peck, E. B. Martindale, Smith Yauter, John Brownfield. First dis- 
trict: Hamilton Smith, Charles Yiele. Second district: Washington 
C. De Pauw, Jesse J. Brown. Third district : Thomas Gaff, James B. 
Foley. Fourth district: George C. Clark, Jesse P. Liddall. Fifth dis- 
trict: William Wallace, Theodore P. Haughey. Sixth district: B. W. 
Thompson, John J. Key. Seventh district : William H. Levering, Henry 
Y. Morrison. Eighth district : Herman E. Sterne, James L. Evans: 
Ninth district : Jesse L. Williams, David Kilgore. Tenth district. 



APPENDIX 1 ACTS OF COX CRESS. 199 

John 15. Howe, David Rippy. Eleventh district: George Mil burn, Sid* 

ney Kieth. For additional district: John W. Grubbs, Godlove S. Orth- 

Iowa.— At large: Samuel Murdock, L. W. Ross, J. M. Shaffer, F. R. 

West. First district : James Putnam, Arthur Bridgman. Second dis- 
trict: Milo Smith, John Helsinger. Third district: Benjamin B. Rich- 
ards, James H. Easton. Fourth district: S. H. Curtis, J. B. Powers. 
Fifth district: John F. Ely, John P. Irish. Sixth district: H. S. Wins- 
low, II. Tannehill. Seventh district: B. F. Murray, P. Gad. Bryan. 
Eighth district: William Hale, Wayne Steuuitt. Ninth district: E. R. 
Kirk, N. B. Hyatt. 

Kansas.— Orrin T. Welch, Edward Blair, II. W. Gillett, George A. 
Crawford, Jacob Stotler, William A. Phillips, E. P. Purcell, Charles 
Robinson, F. G. Adams, James De Long. 

Kentucky. — At large: Lucius Desha, Ignatius Spauldiug, J. Stod- 
dard Johnson, William W. Beckham. First district: J. C. Gilbert, F. 
W. Darby. Second district: Lucius P. Little, W. W. Kendall. Third 
district: John Burnhara, A. G. Rhea. Fourth district: John M. Ather- 
ton, James Montgomery. Fifth district: John G. Baxter, R S. Yeech. 
Sixth district: James B. Casey, Joseph C. Hughes. Seventh district: 
Sanford Lyne. Robert Gayle. Eighth district: Jason Walker, Thomas 
W. Yarn on. Ninth district: Joseph Gardner, A. Daniel. Tenth dis- 
trict: Thornton F. Marshall, James L. Warring. 

Louisiana. — At large: Isacc U. Marks, William D. Wylie, C. H. 
Sloeoinb, John R. Clay, Elbert Gault, Moses H. Crowell. First district: 
Effingham Lawrence, C. E. Girardey. Second district: S. H. Kennedy, 
A. D. Voisin. Third district: A. J. Sypher, B. T. Beauregard. Fourth 
district: George Williamson, A. B. Levisse. Fifth district: A. W. 
Merriain, J. Frank Pargoud. 

Maine. — At large: Abner Coburn, Philander J. Carleton, Henry E. 
Prentiss, William L. Putnam. First district: Joshua L. Chamberlain, 
William P. Haines. Second district: Josiah G. Coburn, James T. 
Patten. Third district: Anson P. Morrill, Edmund Wilson. Fourth 
district: George W. Ladd, Charles Shaw. Fifth district: Charles B. 
Paine, Charles B. Hazeltine. 

Maryland. — At large : Daniel R. Magruder, Henry Tyson, Ferdinand 
C. Latrobe, Thomas A. Spencer. First district: Isaac C. W. Powell, 
James N. Dennis. Second district : Alexander Evans, Edward Spencer. 
Third district : James A. Henderson, William M. Marine. Fourth dis- 
trict: P.P.Pendleton, Enoch Pratt. Fifth district: Thomas Donald- 
son, Eli I. Henkle. Sixth district: J. Alfred Ritter, R. D. Johnson. 

Massachusetts. — At large: Robert C. Winthrop, Alexander H. 
Bullock. William Claflin, John M. Forbes. First district: William J. 
Rotch, J. B. D. Cogswell. Second district: Theodore Dean, Charles H. 
French. Third district: Alexander H. Rice, William Lloyd Garrison. 
Fourth district: Charles L. Woodbury, Rufus S. Frost. Fifth district: 
Addison Gilbert, William N. dishing. Sixth district: Cyrus Wake- 
field, George O. Brastow. Seventh district : Daniel S. Richardson, 
Leverett Saltonstall. Eighth district : P. Emery Aldrich, Daniel Waldo 
Lincoln. Ninth district: H. S. Knight, Charles A. Stevens. Tenth dis- 
trict: Ensign H. Kellogg, Chester W. Chapin. For additional district: 
J. Wiley Edmunds, Emory Washburn. 

Michigan. — At large : D. H. Jerome, F. B. Stockbridge, Hezekiah 
G. Wells, George Willard. First district: Ben Yernor, George F. Bag- 
ley. Second district : E. O. Grosvenor, C. H. Miller. Third district : 
Amos Root, Henry C. Lewis. Fourth district : Germain H. Mason, F. 
W. Curtenius. Fifth district: Hampton Rich. Charles T. Hill. Sixth 



200 REPORT OF THE U. S. CENTENNIAL COMMISSION. 

district : W. M. McConnell, E. H. Thomson. Seventh district : John 
Divine, Henry Stephens. Eighth district : Alfred F. E. Braley, James 
Shearer. Ninth district : Hiram A. Burt, Perry Hannah. 

Minnesota. — At large : H. H. Sibley, Thomas Foster, Thomas Simp- 
son, E. A. McMahon. Firt district: Sherman Page, H. H. Johnson. 
Second district : Ignatius Donnely, George W. Batchelder. Third dis- 
trict : Eussel Biakely, Paris Gibson. 

Mississippi. — At large : E. G. Peyton, J. F. Simmons, H. E. Pease, 
Samuel, Young. First district: E. 0. Gillenwaters, Paul Barrenger. 
Second district : Marion Campbell, S. S. Fairfield. Third district : A 
P. Huggins, Eobert Gleed. Fourth district : J. A. P. Campbell, A. War- 
ner. Fifth district : James M. McKee, Charles Caldwell. Sixth district : 
John B. Lynch, John D. Moore. 

Missouri. — At large : Samuel L. Sawyer, William H. Newland, Wil- 
liam G. Elliott, C. F. Lohnian. First district : Henry Gverstolz, W. H. 
Stone. Second district: Henry T. Blow, A. Krieckhaus. Third dis- 
trict: Ed. Harrison, A. D. Leach. Fourth district: N. H. Dale, P. S. 
Sinclair. Fifth district : Nelson C. Burch, A. D. Jaynes. Sixth district : 
E. H. Norton, Alexander W. Doniphau. Seventh district : William E. 
Penick, Phillip A. Thompson. Eighth district : John M. Glover, John 
H. Williams. Ninth district: William A. Alexander, Charles E. Har- 
den. For four additional districts : L. J. Matthews, Joseph L. Stephens, 
J. P. Strother, Thomas D. Neal, Arthur B. Barrett, James Shields, Louis 
Y. Bogy, Samuel Gaty. 

Montana. — Granville Stuart, Frank Culver. 

Nebraska. — At large: John I. Eedick, J. B. Weston, D. Eemick, A. 
J. Cropsey. First district : E. H. Sogers, Alvin Saunders. 

Nevada. — At large : F. A. Fritle, J. W. Haines, C. H. Eastman, Ben- 
jamin H. Meader. First district : Frank Tilford, S. H. Wright. 

New Hampshire. — At large: Person C. Cheeney, George W.Bur- 
leigh, Dexter Eichards, David Gillis. First district: Albert E. Hatch, 
Samuel M. Wheeler. Second district: James A. Weston, George T* 
Sawyer. Third district: Harry Bingham, Samuel W. Hale. 

New Jersey. — At large: Joel Parker, Charles S. Olden, Marcus L. 
Ward, Theodore F. Eandolph. First district: Thomas H. Whitney, 
Thomas E. McKeen. Second district: Charles Hewitt, Gershom Mott. 
Third district : James Bishop, Amos Clark, jr. Fourth district : William 
Cowen, Charles Sitgreaves. Fifth district: Louis B. Cobb, Abram S. 
Hewitt. Sixth district: Thomas B. Peddie, George Peters. Seventh 
district : Benjamin G. Clark, Aenas Fitzpatrick. 

New Mexico. — A. P. Sullivan, C. P. Clever. 

New York. — At large: George Opdyke, Andrew D. White, Ira 
Harris, John A. King, Philo Eemington, Perrin H. McGraw. First 
district: Stephen Taber, Erastus Brooks. Second district: Alex- 
ander Cunningham, William P. Libby. Third district: Edward 
Eowe, William I. Buddington. Fourth district: Eobert Macoy, 
George Eicard. Fifth district: E. J. Shanclly, James Hays. Sixth 
district : John A. Hardenbergh, Douglas Taylor. Seventh district : 
Herman Uhl, Charles E. . Loew. Eighth district : Edward Cooper, 
William C. Barrett. Ninth district: Mathew T. Brennan, Henry W. 
Genet, Tenth district: Saxton Smith, William H. Eobertson. Elev- 
enth district: John Conkling, James W. Taylor. Twelfth district: 
John P. Adriance, Charles H. Stott. Thirteenth district : J. H. Meech, 
Thomas Cornell. Fourteenth dfstrict: Eobert Waterman, Joseph C. 
Y. Page. Fifteenth district: A. H. Griswold, C. E. Ingalls. Sixteenth 
district: George Y. Hoyle, Winslow C. Watson. Seventeenth district: 






APPENDIX I— ACTS OF CONGRESS. 201 

William Anurus, Edwin W. Foster. Eighteenth district: Thomas B.. 
Mitchell, Horace E. Smith. Nineteenth district : Henry B. Mygatt, James 
H. Graham. Twentieth district: William W. Taggart, Henry E. Turner 
Twenty-first district: Samuel Campbell, P. C. Costello. Twenty-second 
district: Henry Ten Eyck, A. H. Failing. Twenty-third district: R. 
Nelson Gere, Conrad Shoemaker. Twenty-fourth district : Alexander 
Gilchrist, Fred. L. Manning. Twenty-fifth district : Archibald Kennedy, 
James C. Smith. Twenty-sixth district: Abraham Lawrence, Benjamin 
N. Loomis. Twenty-seventh district: Rufus Scott, S. M. Thatcher. 
Twenty-eighth district : Joseph M. Cornell, James H. Kelley. Twenty- 
ninth district : Benjamin Pringle, Thomas T. Flagler. Thirtieth district : 
Pascal P. Pratt, William G. Fargo. Thirty-first district: Alonzo F„ 
Hawley, Charles D. Murray. For two additional districts: John P. 
Acker, Daniel Pratt, Socrates N. Sherman, Winfield S. Cameron. 

North Carolina. — At large : D. M. Barringer, E. B. Spa aiding, W. 
M. Shipp, Louis Billiard. First district: Walter Clark, John M. Bate- 
man. Second district: John Bobinson, John Norfleet. Third district : 
Edward Kidder, John 1). Williams. Fourth district: Kemp P. Battle, 
Isaac J. Young. Fifth district: A. M. Scales, Montford McGee. Sixth, 
district: H. W. Guiou, David Schenck. Seventh district: Joseph W. 
Hall, N. S. Williams.' Eighth district: W. W. Rollins, Thomas L, 
Clingman. 

Ohio. — At large: Edward *F. Noyes, B. F. Wade, William Allen, 
William S. Groesbeck, Martin Welker, Peter Odlin. First district: 
Anthony D. Bullock, Herbert Jenny. Second district: John K. Green, 
Charles Beemelin. Third district : Ed. A. Parrott, Durbin Ward. Fourth 
district: James Taylor, George Keifer. Fifth district: William Sawyer, 
Charles C. Marshall. Sixth district: James Wilson, William O'Collins. 
Seventh district: William Dennison, Bichard A. Harrison. Eighth dis- 
trict: Willard S. Hickox, Isaac H. Pennock. Ninth district: E. B. Sad- 
dler, John Gardiner. Tenth district : Bichard Mott, W. V. Way. Eleventh 
district: Cyrus Ellison, L. C. Damarin. Twelfth district: William L. 
Sullivant, W. Marshall Anderson. Thirteenth district: Charles Cooper, 
William P. Beid. Fourteenth district: Harrison G.Blake, Norton S. 
Townsend. Fifteenth district: Valentine B, Horton, Joshua Davis. 
Sixteenth district: Charles P. Dewey, William M. Farrar. Seventeenth 
district : Cornelius Aultman, Joel Sharp. Eighteenth district : Amos 
Townsend, Lewis Miller. Nineteenth district: Henry B. Perkins, M. C. 
Canfield. 

Oregon.— At large: A. B. Meacham, S. Ellsworth, T. F. McPatten.. 
L. F. Lane. First district : A. C. Gibbs, A. H. Brown. 

Pennsylvania.— At large : Edwin H. Fitler, Jonathan B. Lowrie, 
William Colder, William M. Lyon, John H. Michener, Dr. Joshua T. 
Jones. First district: B. Bundle Smith, Bobert Nebinger. Second dis- 
trict: Joseph F. Tobias, Charles J. Stille. Third district: John L. Shoe- 
maker, Henry D. Welsh. Fourth district: Matthew Baird, William 
Sellers. Fifth district : Lucius P. Thompson, H. T. Darlington. Sixth 
district: John Tracy, George H. Bupp. Seventh district: S. B. Worth, 
James M. Willcox. Eighth district: Isaac Eckert, Henry Bushong. 
Ninth district: James Myers, George M. Steinman. Tenth district: 
Benjamin Bannan, G. Dawson Coleman. Eleventh district: S. S. Dre- 
her, E. J. Fox. Twelfth district: D. W. Hollenback, J. B. McCollom. 
Thirteenth district: M. C. Murcnr, Thomas Beaver. Fourteenth dis- 
trict: William Cameron, Henry McCormick. Fifteenth district : C.J. 
T. Mclntire, John Gibson. Sixteenth district: Henry J. Stable, Sam- 
uel Philscn. Seventeenth district: David McMurtrie, David Watson.. 



202 REPORT OF THE XL S. CENTENNIAL COMMISSION. 

Eighteenth district : M. F. Elliott, H. C. Parson. Nineteenth district : 
William L. Scott, John Patton. Twentieth district : James Pierce, 
Joseph H. Marston. Twenty-first district : H. P. Laird, Silas M. Clark. 
Twenty-second district : Alexander Bradley, 0. W. Batchelor. Twenty- 
third district : James M. Cooper, J. K". Purviance. Twenty-fourth dis- 
trict : George C. Eeis, W. T. H. Pauley. For two additional districts : 
John W. Forney, Charles M. Hall, Alfred Hindekooper, Daniel M. Fox. 

Ehode Island. — At large: William L. Slater, Albert S. Gallup, 
Ambrose E. Burnside, James Y. Smith. First district : Charles S. Brad- 
ley, John O. Waterman. Second district : George H. Browne, Horace 
Babcock. 

South Carolina. — At large : John D. Caldwell. Alva Gage, Stanley 
G. Trott, James D. Tread well. First district: C'. W. Dudley, S. A. 
Swails. Second district : W. H. Bernie, Henry Buist. Third district: 
F. L. Cardozo, L. Cass Carpenter. Fourth district: A. W. Cummings, 
Y. J. P. Owens. 

Tennessee. — At large: John C.Brown, W. H. Stephens, John Neth- 
erland, A. B. Shankland, David A. Nunn, M. Y. IN ash. First district : 
M. S. Temple, W. C. Kyle. Second district: Jacob E. Ludlow,- James 
M. Meek. Third district : James Sevier, M. L. McConnell. Fourth dis- 
trict: James B. Lamb, John W. Burton. Fifth district: John W. 
Head, Robert Cantrell. Sixth district: A. M. Looney, Thomas Mc- 
Neilly. Seventh district ; D. is. Kennedv, James D. Porter. Eighth 
district : G. B. Black, F. B. Ragland. Ninth district : M. D. L. Stewart, 
Isaac M. Steele. 

Texas.— At large: W. K. Marshall, S. W. March, Ashbol Smith, 
Frederick Peterson. First district: E. B. Picket, John C. Robertson. 
Second district : E. W. Taylor, S. Hare. Third district : Richard Coke, 
Jerome B. Robertson. Fourth district : Joseph D. Sayers, John Ire- 
land. For two additional districts : C. C. Binklev, John J. Good, Peter 
W. Gray, F. L. Stockdale. 

Utah. — Abraham O. Smoot, Horace S. Eldredge. 

Vermont. — Horace Fairbanks, Lawrence Brainard, Lawrence Barnes, 
George A. Merrill, H. G. Root, Jacob Estey, Luther Baker, Frederick 
Billings, Henry Chase, Henry Lane. 

Virginia. — At large: John L. Marye, John A. Campbell, C. Y. 
Thomas, Lewis Webb. First district : Louis C. H. Finney, John T. 
Seawell. Second district : Andrew Washburne, James M. Donnan. 
Third district: Samuel F. Maddox, Joseph M. Humphries. Fourth 
district: George H. Southall, W. W. Forbes. Fifth district: Williain 
L. Cochran, Thomas Whitehead. Sixth district : Moses Vfalton, John 
Letcher. Seventh district : Robert Y. Conrad, Hugh W. Sheffy. Eighth 
district: Edgar Snowclen, Mathew Harrison. Ninth district: R. T. 
Bowen, James W. Sheffey. 

West Virginia.— At large : Henry K. List, James H. Brown, J. N. 
Camden, Thomas Sweeney. First district : Lewis Applegate, Jonathan 
M. Biennett. Second district : Francis H. Pierpoint, J. Nelson Wisner. 
Third district : William A. Quarrier, J. M. McWhorter. 

Wisconsin. — At large : 0. C. Washburne, Alexander Mitchell, Tim. O. 
Howe, Charles A. Eldredge. First district : J. J. Case, James H. Howe. 
Second district : D. Hall, Joshua J. Guppey. Third district : John 
Lawler, J. C. Halloway. Fourth district : Angus Smith, D. W. Maxon. 
Fifth district: Charles Burchard, Joseph Vilas. Sixth district: An- 
drew E. Elmore, Samuel Hay. Seventh district: Dudley A. Spauld- 
ing, D. A. Baldwin. Eighth district: Thad. C. Pound, Walter D. Mc- 
Indo. 



APPENDIX I — ACTS OF CONGRESS. 203 

Washington. — Selucius Garfielde, Toussant Mesplie. 

Wyoming. — William A. Carter, John A. Campbell. 

Sec. 2. That the said corporation shall have authority and is hereby 
empowered to secure subscriptions of capital stock to an amount not 
exceeding ten million dollars, to be divided into shares of ten dollars 
each, and to issue to the subscribers of said stock certificates therefor 
under the corporate seal of said corporation, which certificates shall 
bear the signature of the president and treasurer, and be transferable 
under such rules and regulations as may be made for the purpose. And 
it shall be lawful for any municipal or other corporate body existing by 
or under the laws of the United States to subscribe and pay for shares 
of said capital stock, and all holders of said stock shall become associates 
in said corporation, and shall be entitled to one vote ou each share; and 
it shall be the duty of the United States Centennial Commission to pre- 
scribe rules to enable absent stockholders to vote by proxy. The pro- 
ceeds of said stock, together with the receipts from all other sources, 
shall be used by said corporation for the erection of suitable buildings, 
with 'their appropriate fixtures and appurtenances, and for all other 
expenditures required in carrying out the objects of the said act of Con- 
gress of March third, eighteen hundred and seventy-oue, and which may 
be incident thereto. And the said corporation shall keep regular min- 
utes of its proceedings, and full accounts, with the vouchers thereof, of 
all the receipts and expenditures, and the same shall be always open to 
the inspection of the United States Centennial Commission, or any 
member thereof. 

Sec. 3. That books of subscription shall be opened by the United 
States Centennial Commission, under such rules as it may prescribe, 
and an opportunity shall be given, during a period of one hundred days, 
to the citizens of each State and Territory, to subscribe for stock to an 
amount not exceeding its quota, according to its population, after which 
period of one hundred days, stock not taken may be sold to any person 
or persons or corporation willing to purchase the same. 

Sec. 4. That after the expiration of said period of one. hundred days, 
the United States Centennial Commission shall issue a call for a meet- 
ing, by publication in one or more newspapers published at the capital 
of each State and Territory, not less than thirty days prior thereto, of 
the corporators and all others who may then have subscribed for stock, 
to be held in the city of Philadelphia, for the purpose of electing a board 
of directors, to consist of twenty-five stockholders, whose term of office 
shall be one year, and uutil their successors shall have been qualified ; 
at which meeting those who may be present in person or by proxy, of 
whom one hundred shall constitute a quorum, shall be competent to 
organize and elect said officers. The said board of directors, and every 
subsequent board, shall be chosen by the stockholders, out of a list of 
one hundred stockholders, selected and nominated by the United States 
Centennial Commission. Nine members of the board of directors shall 
constitute a quorum for the transaction of business, but no election or 
change of officers shall take place unless at a meeting of the board of 
directors at which a majority shall be present. 

Sec. 5. That the said board of directors shall elect, from its own 
number, a president and two vice-presidents, whose term of office shall 
be one year, and until their successors shall have been duly qualified, 
and shall appoint a treasurer, a secretary, and such other officers as 
may be required to carry out the purposes of the corporation, which 
elected and appointed officers shall hold their respective offices during 
the pleasure of the board, receiving such compensation as the board 



204 REPORT OF THE U. S. CENTENNIAL COMMISSION. 

may prescribe ; and the board shall also adopt such by-laws, rules, and 
regulations, for its own government, and for the government of its offi- 
cers, as may be deemed expedient: Provided, That the same shall not 
be inconsistent with any act of Congress or the rules adopted by the 
United States Centennial Commission. 

Sec. 6. That as soon as the board of directors shall have been duly 
organized, as provided for in section five of this act, it shall be the duty 
of the United States Centennial Commission to deliver to the said board 
all stock-subscription books, with the papers- and records of any kind 
in its possession, pertaining to the same. 

Sec. 7. That the grounds for the exhibition shall be prepared and the 
buildings erected by the said corporation in accordance with plans 
which shall have been previously adopted by the United States Centen- 
nial Commission, and the rules and regulations of said corporation, 
governing rates for "entrance" and "admission" fees, or otherwise af- 
fecting the rights, privileges, or interests of the exhibitors, or of the 
public, shall be fixed and established by the United States Centennial 
Commission $ and no grant conferring rights or privileges of any de- 
scription connected with the said grounds' or buildings, or relating to 
said exhibition or celebration, shall be made without the consent of the 
United States Centennial Commission, and said commission shall have 
power to control, change, or revoke all such grants, and shall appoint 
all judges and examiners, and award all premiums. 

Sec. 8. That the Centennial Board of Finance shall have authority 
to issue bonds, not in excess of its capital stock, and secure the pay- 
ment of the same, principal and interest, by mortgage upon its property 
and prospective income. 

Sec. 9. That it shall be the duty of the Secretary of the Treasury of 
the United States, as soon as practicable after the passage of this act, 
to cause to be prepared, in accordance with a design approved by the 
United States Centennial Commission and the Secretary of the Treasury, 
a sufficient number of certificates of stock to meet the requirements of 
this act; and any person found guilty of counterfeiting, or attempting 
to counterfeit, or knowingly circulating false certificates of stock herein 
authorized, shall be subject to the same pains and penalties as are or 
may be provided by law for counterfeiting United States currency; but 
nothing in this act shall be so construed as to create any liability of 
the United States, direct or indirect, for any debt or obligation incurred, 
nor for any claim, by the centennial international exhibition, or the cor- 
poration hereby created, for aid or pecuniary assistance from Congress 
or the Treasury of the United States, in support or liquidation of any 
debts or obligations created by the corporation herein authorized: And 
provided, That nothing in this act shall be so construed as to override 
or interfere with the laws of any State ; and all contracts made in any 
State for the purposes of the centennial international exhibition shall 
be subject to the laws thereof: And provided further, That no member 
of said Centennial Board of Finance assumes any personal liability for 
any debt or obligation which may be created or incurred by the corpo- 
ration authorized by this act. 

Sec. 10. That as soon as practicable after the said exhibition shall 
have been closed, it shall be the duty of said corporation to convert its 
property into cash, and, after the payment of all its liabilities, to divide 
its remaining assets among its stockholders, pro rata, in full satisfaction 
and discharge of its capital stock. And it shall be the duty of the 
United States Centennial Commission to supervise the closing up of 
the affairs of said corporation, to audit its accounts, and submit, in a 



APPENDIX II— 2EF0RT TO PRESIDENT OF UNITED STATES. 205 

report to the President of the United States, the financial results of the 
centennial exhibition. 

Sec. 11. That the commission created by the act referred to in the 
preamble of this act is hereby made and constituted a body politic and 
corporate in law, with power to do such acts, and enter into such obli- 
gations, as may be promotive of the purposes for which such commis- 
sion was established. Its title shall be the United States Centennial 
Commission. It shall have a common and corporate seal, and possess 
all the rights incident to corporate existence. 

Sec. 12. That the alternate commissioners appointed pursuant to 
section four of the act approved March third, eighteen hundred and 
seventy-one, referred to in the preamble to this act, shall have all the 
powers of a commissioner when the commissioner is not present at any 
meeting. When the commissioner is present the alternate may partici- 
pate in the debates and serve on committees, but shall have no vote. 
The appointment of all commissioners and alternate commissioners 
made since March third, eighteen hundred and seventy-two, are hereby 
ratified and confirmed ; and all vacancies now existing, or which may 
hereafter exist, whether by death, resignation, removal from the State 
or Territory, or otherwise, shall be filled, at any time hereafter, in like 
manner as is provided in said act of March third, eighteen hundred and 
seventy-one, for the appointment ; -of commissioners. 

Sec.' 13. That it shall be the duty of the United States Centennial 
Commission to make report, from time to time, to the President of the 
United States, of the progress of the work, and in a final report present 
a full exhibit of the result of the United States centennial celebration 
and exhibition of eighteen hundred and seventy-six. 

Approved, June 1, 1872. 



APPENDIX 2. 

FIRST REPORT OF THE PRESIDENT OF THE CENTENNIAL COMMISSION. 

[Transmitted to the President November 23, 1872.] 

The President: 

The undersigned, president of the United States Centennial Commis- 
sion, has the honor, in conformity with the provisions of section thir- 
teen of the act of Congress approved June 1, 1872, to report to the 
President the material facts relating to the progress of that commission, 
in the execution of the duties devolving upon it, under the act above 
mentioned, and the act approved March 3, 1871, in organization and 
preparation for the centennial exhibition to be held iu Philadelphia, 
Pennsylvania, in 187G. 

Guided by the provisions of the act of March 3, 1871, the commission 
held, at Philadelphia, its first session, which commenced on the 4th of 
March, 1872, and closed on the 11th of that month. The secoud session 
commenced on the 22d of May, 1872, and ended on the 29th of that 
month. 

During these sessions an organization was effected, so far as was then 
deemed to be necessary, by the election of officers and the appointment 
of committees. The objects contemplated by the act of March 3, 1871. 
were considered and discussed, and the basis of action was determined 
upon. 



206 REPORT OF THE U. S. CENTENNIAL COMMISSION. 

It was decided that the site for the exhibition edifice should be a por- 
tion of Fairmount Park, within the corporate limits of the city of Phil- 
adelphia. Important subjects were referred for consideration to the 
appropriate committees, with a view to the preparation of reports to the 
commission, embodying plans and measures necessary for carrying on 
the work. 

The executive committee, of which the Hon, D. J. Morrell is the 
chairman, has been active in promoting the organization and the pro- 
gress of the work. At a meeting held in August last, they adopted, on 
behalf of the commission, by virtue of the act of June 1, 1872, and ot 
authority delegated to them by the commission, the rules providing for 
the organization of the Centennial Board of Finance, a copy of which 
is submitted herewith. 

Under these rules satisfactory progress has been made in the organi- 
zation of the Board of Finance; and, in compliance with their require- 
ments, the opportunity will be presented to the people of the entire 
country to subscribe for stock at any time on or after the 21st instant, 
within the period of one hundred days provided for by the act. 

Professor William P. Blake, of Connecticut, was made the chief exec- 
utive officer of the commission, and has been actively engaged in direct- 
ing its executive business at the office of the commission in Philadel- 
phia, and in maturing a system of arrangement and classification of the 
objects which are to form the exhibition. 

It is the pleasing duty of the undersigned to report that the munici- 
pal authorities and the citizens of Philadelphia extended to the com- 
mission a most cordial welcome, and were unremitting in their kind at- 
tentions and generous hospitalities to them during their sojourn in the 
city ; that they made an appropriation amounting to $25,000, from which 
the expenses of the commissioners while in Philadelphia were paid ; and 
that within a few days an appropriation of $50,000 has been placed at 
the disposition of the commission for the payment of preliminary ex- 
penses connected with the establishment of an office, and the commence- 
ment of the work. 

The undersigned refers with profound sorrow to the death at Balti- 
more, on the 1st ultimo, of the Hon. William Prescott Smith, a mem- 
ber of the commission and of its executive committee, who was con- 
spicuous for his ability and for the energy and zeal with which he 
entered into the great work. 

The next session of the commission will commence at the city of Phil- 
adelphia on the 4th day of December next, at which session, in con- 
formity with section 6 of the act approved March 3, 1871, a report will 
be made to the President for transmission to Congress, naming suitable 
dates for opening and for closing the exhibition, and embracing a sched- 
ule of appropriate ceremonies for opening or dedicating it; a plan or 
plans of the buildings ; a complete plan for the reception and classifica- 
tion of articles intended for exhibition ; the requisite custom-house reg- 
ulations for the introduction into this country of the articles from for- 
eign countries intended for exhibition, and such other matters as it may 
be important to include in. the work. 

Bespectfully submitted. 

JOS. II. HAWLEY. 

Hartford, Connecticut, November 23, 1872. 



ALPHABETICAL INDEX. 



A. 

Pago< 

Act of Congress creating the commissiou ...... 195 

creating Centennial Board of Finance 197 

Acts of Congress relating to Centennial Celebration 195 

Adams, John S., address by 61 

Additional legislation , 5 

Address by Lewis Wain Smith ! 33 

John L. Shoemaker. 23 

William S.Stokley 23 

Joseph R. Hawley 24,37,63 

William E. Littleton 26 

David Atw ood 26, 33, 62 

William P. Blake 36,39,70 

Orestes Cleveland 59, 63 

John S. Adams 61 

William M. Byrd 61 

William B. Spooner 62 

A. J. Dufhr 62 

Robert Lowry 63 

James L. Cooper 63 

Samuel Powel 63 

O.C.French 63 

Daniel J. Morrell 63 

Addresses on the death of William Prescott Smith ». 189 

Address to the people .* 5 

resolution of request to executive committee relative to, 

(see Committee on address) 109^ 

copies of, submitted 101 

referred to executive committee 103 

Address to the people 65 

Advisory committees, remarks on 145 

for Vienna Exposition 183 

Agents of Board of Finauce, circular to 114 

rules concerning 116 

Agricultural societies, circular to . 64 

responses from 128 

Agriculture, resolution for standing committee on 36 

Alternate commissioners, powers and duties of 11 

powers of 135 

Amendments to by-laws, how made 136 

American Institute of New York City, memorial of to Congress, relative to Vi- 
enna Exposition, &c 183 

Annals of the first ceutury of the United States ' 186 

Annual London exhibitions 56 

Appropriation by Congress proposed 167 

by city of Philadelphia 167 

Aquarium, communication relative to establishing one for exhibition 125 

Architects of Philadelphia, New York, and Boston, report of meetings with.. . 152 

communications from 153 

Art department of the exhibition, suggestions relative to 152 

Art, Museum of, at South Kensington, England 149 

National Gallery of, suggestions relative to 151, 152 

importance of '. . . 152 

Atwood, David, address by 26,33,62,133 

resolution of thanks to 34 

Auxiliary associations and committees 139 

B. 

Baird, Spencer F., communications from, relative to exhibition of products of 

the sea, appliances for obtaining them. &c 124 

communication from, relative to aquarium for exhibition.. 125 



•208 



INDEX. 



Page. 

Bigelow, John, proposes Centennial Celebration 8, 56 

Blake, William P., address by '. . 36, 39, 70 

Board of Finance. (See Centennial Board of Finance.) 

Bute, Marquis of, communication from, proposing to exhibit and co-operate ; 
and relative to use of Bute Docks, collection of metals, 

minerals, &c ; 113 

report relative to communication from 120 

By-laws of the commission 135 

amendment of 137 

Byrdj William M., address by 61 

C. 

Cameron, E. A., communication from . 192 

Campbell, John L., suggestion of Centennial Celebration . . 1 9 

Carpenters' Company of Philadelphia, communication from 36 

Census of the United States in 1876, resolution relative to 199 

Centennial auxiliary associations, suggestions relative to 142 

plan of 143 

objects 143 

officers 143 

members 144 

actuary and his duties 144 

meetings 145 

Centennial B md of Finance, rules providing for organization of 12, 109 

subscriptions to stock of, rules relative to 12-13 

4 form of proxy for voting for board of directors of. 14 

duties of directors of 15 

provision for electing directors 15 

board of directors of, to elect their own officers. 15 

board of directors of, authorized to issue bonds. 15 

circular to agents of 114 

* penalty for counterfeiting certificates 204 

no personal liability assumed by corporators of . 204 

authorized to issue bonds, &c 204 

assets to be divided at the close of exhibition . . 204 

act of Congress creating 197 

corporators of ,197 

responses from corporators of 115 

supplemental rules relative to agents of 115 

executive committee empowered to organize 107 

payments upon stock of 114, 116 

form of certificate of subscription to stock of . . . 110 

certificates of, how numbered 

agents of, mode of appointing Ill 

duties of agents of Ill 

rules providing for government of agents, &c. . . Ill, 115 
quota of States and Territories in shares of stock 

of 112,203 

applications for stock of 114 

organization of 103 

powers of corporators 197 

capital stock not to exceed ten millions 203 

duties of commission relative to 203 

proceeds of stock, disposition of 203 

subscription to stock 203 

meeting of stockholders 203 

board of directors to be elected 203 

term of office of directors, &c 203 

powers and duties of directors 203 

compensation of directors 203 

certificates of stock 204 

abstract of facts concerning organization of 10 

views giving rise to 105 

first ideas of forma tion of 105 

how the corporators were selected 106 

prospects of a profitable return from subscription 

to the stock of 106 

•Centennial Celebration. (See International Exhibition of 1876, Centennial Board 
of Finance, &c.) 



INDEX. 209 

Page. 

ial Commission, abstract of facts concerning organization of 10 

bting 10 

preamble to act creating 10 

duties of «c 10 

time within which to be appointed 10 

dates of op- oing and termination of sessions of." 15 

meets for the first time at Philadelphia, (see Interna- 
tional Exhibition of 1876) 10 

Cincinnati, Society of 191 

Cincinnati Exhibition, invitation to the commission to attend 185 

acceptance of invitation to attend 185 

special committee appointed to attend.. 185 

report of special committee to attend 185 

( iivular to agricultural, scientific, industrial, and commercial organizations.. 64 

to the clergy and religious associations . 67 

to editors '. 102 

to commissioners 112 

to corporators of Board of Finance 108, 113 

to commissioners relative to free transportation 178 

to railroad companies, asking authority to issue passes to commis- 
sioners 177 

to the governors of the several States and Territories 140, 141 

to agents of Board of Fiuance ..: 114 

Citizens' Committee of Philadelphia, appointment of 167 

recommends appropriation by municipal- 
ity 167 

City of Philadelphia, appropriation to the commission by authorities of 167 

Citizens' Committee of 1 167 

Classification , 3 

address relative to 70 

resolution that it be both geographical and systematic 70 

appointment of committee on 70 

amended '. . 78 

key to notation of . 77, 100 

as first reported, (see Committee on Classification) 71 

Clergy and religious associations, circular to . - 67 

Cleveland, Orestes, address by 59, 63 

Coins, memorial inscription on, proposed by L. A. Gobright 192 

.Colorado Springs Colony, communication from, relative to co-operative coloni- 
zation 192 

Commercial organizations, circular to 65 

Commission of three persons, members of the Commission to attend Vienna 

Exposition : appointment recommended, resolution relative to 179 

Commissions having charge of previous international exhibitions, remarks on. 104 
imissioners, appropriation to cover the actual expenses of, proposal to 

ask, (see Members of the commission) 167 

circular to 112 

to Vienna Exhibition of 1873, recommendation relative to 179 

bee of councils of Philadelphia on Centennial Celebration appointed.. 9 

of legislature of Pennsylvania appointed to memorialize Congress . 9 
of United States House of Representatives on Manufactures and 

Committee on Foreign Affairs visit Philadelphia 9 

of councils of Philadelphia, communication from 36 

on address to the people, resolution to appoint 100 

appointment of 100 

resolution of instruction to 100, 140 

on address to the several legislatures, resolution to appoint 100 

appointment of 100 

resolution of instruction to. 100, 140 

report of 140 

on address, report of 101 

on by-laws, appointment of . 28 

report of 29,33,135 

on classification, report of — 70,75,76,78 

resolution of instruction to 75 

resolution approving report of, *fcc 76 

on credentials, appointment of 28 

report of 28, 30 

on finance, appointment of 35 

instructed to proceed to Washington : 171 

H. Mis. 99 14 



210 INDEX. 

i 

Page, 

Committee on finance, communication from John L. Shoemaker referred to... 168 

on foreign affairs, report of 17 

appointment of 36 

report of, relative to appointment of commission- 
ers to Vienna Exposition 179 

report of, relative to International Statistical 

Congress 191 

communication from Edward Young referred to. 190 

on legislation, resolution to appoint . 34, 139 

appointment of 36 

instructed to inquire as to the expediency of memo- 
rial inscription on coins, &c 193 

resolution relative to statistics of Christian sects 

referred to 186 

resolution relative to special census referred to 195 

instructed to visit Japanese embassy, &c 132 

report of 132 

resolution to increase, to seven members 36 

appointment of additional members of 36 

on mining, resolution authorizing appointment of l 192 

on officers, resolution to appoint 130 

appointment of 1 30 

report of ! 130 

on opening ceremonies, appointment of 36 

communications relative to music referred 

to 194 

on plans and architecture, appointment of . . . '. . 35 

requested to report 152 

report of 152, 156 

authorized to offer premiums for plans .. 154 

report of - 154 

on permanent organization, appointment, of .. 28 

report of 29, 33 

on seal, resolution to appoint 138 

appointmen t of 138 

on secretaries of departments, resolution to appoint 130 

appointment of 130 

on tariffs and transportation, appointment of -. 35 

circular from, to railroad companies, 

relative to free transportation, &e . 178 

circular from, to commissioners 178 

circular from, inclosing passes 179 

instructing the committee on tariffs 
and transportation to correspond 

with railroad corporations, &c 179 

authorized to issue orders for trans- 
portation to commissioners 174 

authorized to perfect custom-house 

regulations 175 

report of, relative to- custom-house 

regulations 175 

to attend the Cincinnati Exhibitiou, appointment of, authorized.. 185 

appointment of 185 

report of 185 

to conduct president to chair, appointment of * 33 

to memorialize Congress, resolution to appoint 169 

appointment of 169 

report of 170 

memorial prepared by 170 

to report appropriate resolutions of respect to the memory of Will- 
iam Prescott Smith, deceased, appointment of 189 

report of 189 

to visit the Vienna Exposition, authorizing appointment of 184 

to be no expense to the commission . 184 

appointment of 184 

Committees of admission 145 

Communication relative to triumphal arch 193 

from Joseph Leeds 32 

relative to exhibition of the resources of the country 120 



INDEX. . 211 

Page. 

Communication relative to co-operative colonization 192 

from Joseph Lea relative to collection of specimens of woods, 

&c , 120 

from Maenjierohor Vocal Society of Philadelphia 193 

from Handel and Haydn Society of Philadelphia 193 

c. P. Hackenberg * , 194 

relative to a national art gallery ■. 152 

from John L. Shoemaker, transmitting copy of ordinance 168 

from Marquis of Bute, relative to Bute Docks, collection of 

metals, minerals, &c. 118 

from William M. Swayne, relative to auxiliary associations... 142 
from Frank M. Ettiug, relative to the preparation of memorial 

volumes 186 

from the Historical Society of, Pennsylvania on the same sub- 
jects ^ 186 

from John L. Shoemaker referred to committee on finance 168 

relative to publishing a scientific journal with reference to 

the centennial 128 

Competition for plans 154 

Congressional appropriation, remarks upon the importance of securing 107 

Congressional districts, plan for organization by 143 

Congressional district organizations, communication relative to 142 

Convention for reproducing works of art 150 

Cooper, James L., address by 63 

Co-operative colonization, communication respecting 192 

organization of the press of the United States, resolution relative 

to 146 

Corporators of Centennial Board of Finance, circular to 103, 113 

responses from 115 

Councils of Philadelphia, appropriation to the commission by 167 

joint committee of, appointed 9 

Counselor and solicitor, resolution providing for election and denning the 

duties of 128 

election of Jobn L. Shoemaker 12S 

letter of acceptance from John L. Shoemaker 129 

Custom-house regulations, report relative to 175 



Dates of opening and termination of sessions of commission 15 

schedule of, for the different stages of the work 15 

Dillon, John B., communication from, relative to annals of the first century of 

the United States 186 

Dublin Exhibition, remarks on , 43 

Dufur,.A. J., address by 62 

Dunk, Longacre & Co., communication from 128 



Editors, copy of circular to, inclosing address to the people 102 

Electricity applied to music, communications on the subject of 194 

Electro-music. (See Electricity applied to music.) 

Essex County Agricultural Society, appointment of committee by, to co-op- 
erate .' : . 128 

Etting, Frank M., communication from, relative to memorial volumes 186 

Executive'commissioner, report of 114, 120, 123, 142, 147, 157, 186, 194 

resolution to constitute office of 129 

election of William P. Blake 129 

letter of, to chief manager of the Vienna Exhibition. 181 

reply to, from Baron 'William de Schwarz Senborn. . 181 

report relati ve to Vienna Exposition 180 

Executive committee, resolution relative to employment of canvassing agents 

referred to . . . . *. ". 118 

resolution relative to appointment of Robert M. Patton 

as general agent referred to 117 

instructions to co-operate with citizens' committee 127 

amendment of by-laws, relative to 137 

powers and duties 135, 137 

mode of appointment 135 



212 • INDEX. 

Page. 

Executive committee, to report to commission 135 

vacancies in, how filled when commission is not in ses- 
sion 135 

communication from W. M. Swayne referred to 142 

report of, relative to expenses of commissioners 167 

visit Harrisburgh 171 

report of, relative to Vienna Exposition 179, 180 

report of, relative to the death of William Prescott 

Smith 188 

duty of devising a financial plan referred to 11 

apply to Congress for charter for Centennial Board of 

Finance 11 

appointment of 34 

appointment of, confirmed 35 

authorized to nominate stockholders from whom direct- 
ors of Board of Finance to be chosen, and to fix the 

time and place for meeting of stockholders 117 

address by . 65 

address referred to 103 

report of 103,107,167 

empowered to organize Centennial Board of Finance. .. 107 

F. 

Financial results of Paris Exposition of 1867 157 

Finance, (see Committee on ;) (see Centennial Board of Finance.) 
Fisheries of the world, exhibition of, proposal relative to, by Professor Spen- 
cer F. Baird, United States Commissioner of Fisheries 124 

Foreign affairs, (see Committee on.) 

Franklin Institute, suggestion of celebration 9 

French, O. C, address by , 63 

G. 

Geary, John W., letter from . 25 

General agent, resolution relative to appointment of Eobert M. Patton as, 

referred to executive committee 11? 

General agents for sale of stock, appointment of Jay Cooke & Co. and Drexel 

&Co. as.. 115 

announcement of appointment of, telegraphed over the country 116 

Governor of Pennsylvania, letter to, relative to a State appropriation 172 

letter from, read by Mr. Shoemaker 25 

Governors of the several States and Territories, address to 140 

Gobright, L. A., (see Coins.) 

H. 

Hackenberg, G. P., communication from ^ . . . 194 

Handel and Haydn Society of Philadelphia, communication from 193 

Harbor-master of Philadelphia, acceptance of invitation from 155 

Hawley, Hon. Jos. R., address of 24, 37, 63 

Historical objects 4 

Historical sketch of movement and organization 8 

Historical Society of Pennsylvania, communication from 29, 186 

Hornbostel, Henry, letter from 180 

resolutions relative to Vienna Exposition forwarded to . .. 182 

Hutter, Rev. Dr., prayer by 26 

I. 

Independence Hall, restoration of • ^ 187 

Industrial organizations, circular to ... , 65 

Inscriptions on coins, (see Coins.) 

International Exhibition of 1876, duties of the commision 196 

United State.8 not to be liable for expenses.. 196 
President of the United States to make proc- 
lamation, &c 196 

a Board of Finance created 197 

corporators of the Board of Finance 197 

powers of the Board of Finance 203 

duties of the commission relative to the Board 

of Finance 203 



INDEX. 213 

Page. 

International Exhibition of 1876, disposition of proceeds of stock 203 

subscription to stock 203 

quota of stock allotted each State 203 

commission to issue a call for a meeting of 

stockholders, &c 203 

a board of directors to be chosen 203 

term of office of directors of the Board of 

Finance, &c 203 

powers and duties of board of directors 203 

compensation of board of directors 203 

duties of the commission after the organiza- 
tion of board of directors 204 

plans for the buildings 204 

entrance and admission fees 204 

judges, examiners, premiums, &c 204 

' certificates of stock provided for 204 

penalty for "counterfeiting certificates of 

stock 204 

no personal liability assumed by members 

of the Board of Finance 204 

close of the exhibition 204 

assets to be divided 204 

to be held in Philadelphia under the auspices 

of the United States Government 196 

a commission rn-ovided for 196 

time within which commissioners to be ap- 
pointed 196 

commissioners to be nominated by the several 

governors and appointed by the President. 196 

alternate commissioners 196 

place of meeting of the commission 196 

final duties of the commission 204 

title of the commission 205 

powers of alternate commissioners 205 

appointment of commissioners confirmed... . 205 

vacancies in the commission, how filled .... 205 
commission to report to the President of the 

United States 205 

International Exhibitions, results of 58 

International Statistictil Congress, proposed session of, in the United States 

in 1876 : \ 190 

J. 

Japanese embassy, committee on legislation instructed to visit 132 

report relative to 132 

address by Commissioner Atwood to 133 

presentation of resolution to 134 

reply of Iwakura on behalf of 134 

Jay, John, resolution of thanks to 179 

Journal of the proceedings, classified compilation of 18 

K. 

Kelley, William D., urges selection of Philadelphia for Centennial Celebration . 9 

Kingsley, J. E., & Co., resolution of thanks to 195 

Kensington Museum of decorative art, &c 147-150 

L. 

Leeds, Joseph, communication from 32 

Legislation, (see Committee on.) 

Legislature of Pennsylvania, joint resolution of, relative to Centennial Cele- 
bration 9 

committee of, appointed to memorialize Congress . 9 

Littleton, William E., president of Select Council, address by 26 

London Exhibition of 1851, remarks on , 43 

surplus from 106 

London Exhibition of 1862, remarks on 44 

financial results of 106 

London Exhibitions, annual 56 

Lowry, Kobert address by 63 



214 INDEX. 

M. 

Page. 

Maennerchor Vocal Society of Philadelphia, communication from i. 193 

Meeting of the commission, first . . 22 

Meetings of the commission, stated . , 136 

special , 136 

Members of the commission, list of 20, 30 

free transportation for 176 

free transportation of, report relative to .. 176 

Memorial inscription on coins, discussion concerning 193 

resolution relative to 193 

Memorial to Congress 170 

Memorial volumes, communications relative to 186 

Metals, communication relative to a collection of 118 

Minerals, communication relative to a collection of 118 

Mining, information concerning 192 

committee on, provided for 192 

Morrell, Daniel J., introduces bill providing for Centennial Celebration at Phil- 
adelphia 10 

address by 63 

letter from, to governor of Pennsylvania 172 

Muckle", M. Richards, suggestion of musical celebration of Centennial 9 

Museum of art and science applied to industry 147 

at South Kensington, England 147 

Music as a part of the celebration . . ' 193 

Musical celebration, suggestion of 9 

Musical Telegraph Company, communication from the president of 194 

• N. 

National Art Gallery, suggestions relati Ve to 151 

importance of 152 

National Centenary Memorial, (see Memorial volumes.) 

New York World's Fair of 1853, remarks on .'. . 40 

Northern Pacific Railroad, communication from trustees of, relative to exhibi- 
tion of resources of the country . ' 126 

reply to communication from trustees of 126 

Norton, Charles B., suggesting centennial celebration of Independence 9 

Notation of classification, key to.. *77, 100 

O. 

Officers of the commission, list of 19 

election of 35 

how chosen, term of office, &c , 133 

Officers, (see Committee on.) 

Officers and assistants employed by the commission 128, 121' 

Opening ceremonies 1 

music as a pait of, (see Committee on) 193 

P. 

Paris Exhibition of 1855, remarks on 43 

Paris Exposition of 1867, remarks on 45, 159 

classification of. 46 

buildings of 47 

financial results of • 157 

receipts and expenditures of 49, 158, 162 

cost of buildings , 160 

financial applications 163 

area assigned to each country 164 

space occupied bv groups and countries 165 

organization of commission 165 

assistants in the work 165 

construction of building 166 

number of visitors, &c 167 

machinery -gallery of - 48 

gallery of history of labor .. 48 

importance of the park to the 49 

opening of ~ 49 

industrial publications resulting from 50 

motive-power for machinery-gallery in . . - 52 

transportation of heavy objects ~ 52 






INDEX. 215 

Pago. 

Paris Exposition of 1867, co-operation of government departments 52 

international juries 53 

effect of awards 54 

suggestions for organization of future exhibitions. .. 54 

the administration 55 

Park commission, committee on plans and architecture instructed to confer 

with % 156 

Parliamentary law, Cushing's Manual adopted by the commission for their 

government 13& 

Passes for the commissioners, (see Transportation.) 

Patton, Robert M., resolution relative to, referred to executive committee 117 

Payment of moneys by the commission 136 

Pennsylvania, (see State of.) 

Plans and architecture, report on 152 

Plans and architecture, (see Committee on.) 

Plans for building '. . . - ■ 2 

Pollock, James, Director of the United States Mint, communication from 29 

Porter &, Coates, communication from ,32 

Powel, Samuel, address by 63 

Pratt, H. D. J., Chief of First Diplomatic Bureau, Department of State, in- 
vited to enter the service of the commission 129 

Prem i urns for plans 154 

President of common council, communication from 32 

President of the commission, first report of 205 

powers and duties of „ 136 

address by ... : 63. 

Press of Philadelphia, resolution of thanks to 193 

Press of the United States, co-operative organization of, resolution relative to. 146 
Prince ef Wales, letter from, to Duke of Marlborough, relative to the repro- 
duction of works of art 150 

reply of Duke of Marlborough to * 151 

R. 

Railroad companies, circular to, from committee on transportation 178 

list of those furnishing free transportation for commis- 
sioners 177 

Reception of commission by the authorities of Philadelphia 23 

Regulations . 3 

provisional draught of j 17 

Report of the commission to Congress 1 

Resolution of instruction to committee on classification * 75. 

to appoint a special committee to prepare an address to the people. 100 
of request to the special committee on addresses to the legislatures 

and to the people. 100, 140 

relative to canvassing-agents, referred to executive committee, with 

power to act 118 

authorizing executive committee to nominate stockholders for direct- 
ors of Board of Finance, and to fix time and place of meeting 117 

relative to appointment of Robert M. Patton as general agent, re- 
ferred to executive committee 117 

relative to extra sessions of the commission 138 

providing for election of counselor and solicitor 128 

defining duties of counselor and solicitor 128 

constituting office of executive commissioner 129 

of request to executive committee to report number of clerks em- 
ployed 130 

of request to executive committee, referred to special committee.. 130 

relative to employment of secretaries of departments 130 

of instruction to committee on legislation 132 

, to appoint a special committee on seal 138 

to appoint special committee on legislation 139 

requesting governors of States and Territories to co-operate 140 

relative to formation of State and territorial organizations 141 

relative to report of committee on plans and architecture 153 

of instruction to committee on plans and architecture 152, 155, 157 

relative to co-operative organization of the press of the United 

States 146 

requesting committee on plana and architecture to advertise for 

plans 157 

to appoint a special committee on officers 130 

authorizing prizes for preliminary plans 154 



216 



INDEX. 



Page. 

Resolution relative to congressional appropriation 168 

authorizing committee on tariffs and transportation to issue orders 

for transportation to commissioners 174 

authorizing committee on tariffs and transportation to perfect cus- 
tom-house regulations 174 

to appoint a special committee to memorialize Congress 169 

asking Congress to authorize the President to appoint special com- 
mission of three persons 169 

relative to memorial inscription on coins 193 

of instruction to executive committee to co-operate with citizens' 

committee , 127 

of Pennsylvania legislature relative to Centennial Celebration 9 

relative to classification 70 

providing for a committee on classification 70 

that proceedings be opened by prayer 29 

inviting city authorities and Centennial Committee of Philadelphia 

to seats on the floor , 33 

to appoint committee to conduct president to chair 33 

to appoint committee on legislation 34 

to invite reporters to seats on the floor 35 

fixing site for exhibition 37 

inviting W. P. Blake to address the commission 39 

for standing committee on agriculture 36 

relative to extra census of the United States in 1876 195 

relative to Vienna Exposition „ /, 180 

relative to death of William Prescott Smith „„,„ 189 

to appoint a special committee to prepare appropriate resolutions 

on the death of William Prescott Smith 189 

instructing committee on finance to proceed to Washington 171 

approving report of committee on classification, &c 76 

requesting Christian sects to furnish statistics 186 

providing for a committee on mining 192 

of thanks to the press of Philadelphia 193 

to the authorities and people of Philadelphia 

toMr.Jay 179 

to David Atwood 34 

to John N. Baxter 34 

to John Rice, president of Continental Hotel Company. . 195 
to J. E. Kingsley & Co., proprietors of the Continental 

Hotel . .... 195 

Rice, John, president Continental Hotel Company, resolution of thanks to 195 

S. 

Scientific associations, circular to 65 

Sea, proposals to collect specimens of products* of 124 

Seal and coat of arms of the commission 138 

Secretary of commission, by-law relative to election of 135 

powers and duties of 136 

Secretaries of departments, resolution to appoint committee on 1?J 

appointment of committee on 130 

Sellers, W r illiam, suggestions of, relative to district organizations 142 

and others, suggestion of Centennial Celebration 9 

Shoemaker, John L., resolution proposed by « 9 

appointed chairman of joint committee of councils a 9 

address by „ 23 

elected counsellor and solicitor , 128 

letter of acceptance from 129 

communication from, relative to ordinance appropriating 

$50,000 to commission 168 

Smith, Lewis Wain, address by 33 

Smith, William Prescott, death of 188 

review of life and public. services of 188 

addresses on the death of 189 

Snowden, James Ross, communication from, relative to the preparation of me- 
morial volumes 187 

Society of Cincinnati, communication from 191 

committee on Centennial appointed by . 191 

reply to communication from 192 

South Kensington Museum, remarks on ^ . 147 

features of 149 



INDEX. 217 

Page. 
Special census. (See Census.) 

Special committee on officers, resolution to appoint 130 

appointment of, (see Committee) 130 

Special meetings of the commission, how called 136, 138 

Spoon er, William 15., address by ■ 62 

Standing committees, list of 19 

State commissions, suggestions relative to 146 

State of Pennsylvania, appropriation by 171 

letter to governor of 172 

State and Territorial organization 4 

resolution relative to 141 

Stated meetings of tbe commission , 136 

Stokley. Hon. .William S., address of 23 

Subscriptions, opening of books for 4, 12 

time allowed each State for 12 

rules relative to. / 12, 13 

Supplemental rules relative to subscriptions and agents of Board of Finance.. 116 
Swayne, M. B., communication from, relative to congressional district organi- 
zations 142 

Swayne, William M., communication from, relative to auxiliary associations.. 142 

relative to a national art gallery.. 152 

T. 

Tariffs and transportation, (see Committee on) 174 

Temporary secretary provided for '. 135 

Thanks. (See Resolution of thanks.) 

Title of the commission 135 

Transportation, report relative to 176 

Treasurer of the commission, election of, &c - 135' 

to give security 135 

powers and duties of 136 

Triumphal arch, communication relative to 193 

U. 

Union League of Philadelphia, communication from 32 

United States not to be liable for expenses of exhibition 11 

United States in 1876, census of 195 

V. 

Van Benthusen, Henry, communication from, relative to triumphal arch 193 

Van Buren, Thomas B., resolutions forwarded to 180 

letter from 182 

Vocal Society, communication from Maennerchor, of Philadelphia 193 

communication from Handel and Haydn, of Philadelphia 193 

Volunteer associations, remarks on . 105 

Vienna exposition of 1873 7, 57, 179 

plans and specifications for 179 

resolution of thanks to Mr. Jay for obtaining plans of 179 

committee to visit 184 

resolution relative to 180 

letter to the United States Commissioner 182 

letter from the United States Commissioner 182 

advisory committees for 183 

remarks upon 185 

letter to chief manager of 181 

letter from the chief manager 181 

expression of interest in, by the commission .* 181 

programmes of, received 182 

W. 

Woods, specimens of, proposal to collect 120 

Works of art, copies of, at South Kensington Museum . . 149 

convention for reproducing 150 

World's fair of 1851. (See London Exhibition.) 

Y. 

Young, Edward, communications from, relative to International Statistical 

Congress meeting in the United States in 1876 190 

H. Mis. 90 15 



* 



HE MTIOML CELEBRATION 



rENNIAL ANNIVERSARY OF THE INDEPENDENCE OF 
THE UNITED STATES 



INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSAL EXHIBITION, 

TO BE HELD IN PHILADELPHIA 

IN THE YEAR 1876. 

>RT TO CONGRESS BY THE UNITED STATES CENTENNIAL COMMISSION, 

FEBRUARY, 1873; 

ACCOMPANIEU BY 

A CLASSIFIED COMPILATION OF THE JOURNAL OF THE 

PROCEEDINGS OF THE COMMISSION 

AND OTHER PAPERS. 

COMPILED AM) ARRANGED BY H. D. J. PRATT. 




PUBLISHED FOR THE INFORMATION OF THE PEOPLE. 



WASHINGTON : 

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, 

1873. 



THE NATIONAL CELEBRATION 



CENTENNIAL ANNIVERSARY OF THE INDEPENDENCE OF 
THE UNITED STATES 



INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSAL EXHIBITION, 

TO BE HELD IN PHILADELPHIA 

IN THE YEAR 1876. 

REPORT TO CONGRESS BY THE UNITED STATES CENTENNIAL COMMISSION, 

FEBRUARY, 1873; 

ACCOMPANIED 15V 



A CLASSIFIED COMPILATION OF THE JOURNAL OF THE 

PROCEEDINGS OF THE COMMISSION 

AND OTHER PAPERS. 



COMPILED AM) ARRANGED I5Y II. I). J. PKATT. 



Plir.MSIIF.Ii FOH THE INFORMATION OF THE PEOPLE. 



WASHINGTON: 

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, 
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